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Biology > Topic M: Inheritence > Flashcards

Topic M: Inheritence Flashcards

1
Q

Theoretically what are genes?

A

Genes are units on inheritance, Organism differ because they have different genes.

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2
Q

When a protein is required…..?

A

The gene on the DNA is copied (transcribed) to messenger RNA (MRNA)

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3
Q

What does the MRNA do when it has the copy of DNA?

A

The MRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a structure called a ribosome. Where the code is transferred into the relevant protein from individual amino acids.

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4
Q

What is a codon?

A

Each amino acid is coded for by a sequence of 3 bases. This sequence is called a codon.

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5
Q

Does DNA ever leave the nucleus?

A

No it stays in the nucleus, but proteins are built in the cells cytoplasm.

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have?

A

23 pairs, 23 from each parent, 46 in total.

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7
Q

Genetic information is stored in the?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Each chromosome is made of a very long molecule of?

A

DNA

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9
Q

How much DNA is there in each human cell?

A

2m, it has to be very tightly coiled for cell division.

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10
Q

Describe the shape of the DNA?

A

The DNA molecule is a double Helix, like a twisted rope ladder.

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11
Q

Each rung in the ladder has a pair of…?

A

bases

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12
Q

What are the four different bases called?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

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13
Q

Because of there shape they can only pair with each other in certain ways?

A

A -> T and G -> C

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14
Q

Definition of a Gene?

A

A gene is the length of DNA which codes for making one protein molecule.

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15
Q

What is Genetic engineering?

A

Living things naturally create useful products. Genetic engineering can be used to make living things produce other, more valuable products.

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16
Q

Examples of genetic engineering?

A

Bacteria and yeasts can be genetically modified (there DNA changed) to mass produce products such as insulin, growth hormone. The insulin produced would be human insulin.

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17
Q

What were the alternatives of genetic engineering?

A

Getting the insulin out of the pancreas of a pig, a by product of the meet industry. The disadvantages of this were that it could be an allergen and it was not efficient to make it in larger numbers.

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18
Q

The purpose of GM crops?

A

Crops can be given extra genes for new and useful characteristics.

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19
Q

What characteristic may be needed in Gm crops

A
  • pest resistance
  • frost resistant
  • disease resistance
  • drought resistance
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20
Q

Production of insulin by genetically modifying bacteria?

A

LOOK IN WORK BOOK PAGE 16-17

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21
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

This form of cell division produces identical copies of the parent cell. The DNA replicates; the chromosomes from a pair of chromatides. The cell than divides to produce two identical daughter-cells.

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22
Q

When is Mitosis used?

A

Mitosis is used for the growth and repair of tissues (from the zygote stage on-wards.

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23
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

This produces four daughter cells, all of which are different. The DNA replicates, followed by two divisions. Each daughter cell has half the DNA of the parent cell. Meiosis is used for the production of sex cells (gametes).

24
Q

What are the sides of the double helix made from?

A

a Sugar, Phosphate backbone.

25
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

These join together large molecules. They join two from two long linked strands like a ladder. Sub-unit of DNA. They are made of Phosphate, sugar and base.

26
Q

What is a Genetic Mutation?

A

This is a sudden change in the DNA sequence. This can be spontanious or it can be caused by enviromental factors.

27
Q

Environmental factors that can cause mutations?

A

-Gamma Rays
-UV
-X-Rays
(Radiation in general) ‘all above’
-Toxins/chemicals. Cigarette Smoke, industrial chemicals.
-Some Viruses.

28
Q

What does a change in DNA mean?

A

This may mean that a different protein is produced, which may be faulty, so the function of the affected cells in changed/ impaired.

29
Q

Examples of a single change in a base casing a different amino acid to be added to the protein which can have a profound effect?

A

e.g. sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, haephillia and Huntingdon’s disease.

30
Q

What is a advantageous Mutation?

A

This is a mutation that occurs which gives the organism a selective advantage, it becomes better adapted to its environment. This then makes it more likely to survive and reproduce. Over many generations the frequencey of the gene/allele increases in the population. This is called evolution.

31
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

a medicine such as penicillin that is able to inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms.

32
Q

What is the pathogen that is killed by antibiotics?

A

Bacteria are killed by antibiotics.

33
Q

Name the type of organism that makes antibiotics?

A

FIND

34
Q

What type of letter will a dominant allele be?

A

Ex. B (Capital letter).

35
Q

What type of letter will a recessive allele be?

A

Ex. b (lower case letter).

36
Q

What will homozygous alleles be?

A

BB or bb (same allele)

37
Q

What will hetrozygous alleles be?

A

Bb (different allele)

38
Q

What is a ‘pure breed’?

A

BB or bb (same two alleles)

39
Q

Male sex chromosomes?

A

XY

40
Q

Female sex chromosomes?

A

XX

41
Q

What is special about about the sex chromosomes that always makes it 50/50 chance of a boy or a girl?

A

The sex chromosomes are co-dominant (both in capitals).

42
Q

What can a test cross do?

A

A test cross can distinguish between homozygous dominant and hetrozygous individuals.

43
Q

What are ‘sex-linked’ chromosomes?

A

the genes of some characteristics are carried on the sex chromosomes. these characteristics are said to be sex-linked.

44
Q

Why are most sex-linked chromosomes carried on the X-chromosome?

A

Very few are carried on the Y, because of the fact that it is much smaller.

45
Q

What is a Pedegree diagram?

A

This is a diagram that shows inheritance of traits in relected individuals.

46
Q

Define Hetrozygous?

A

Describes an organism with a pair of genes, where each is a different allele, one dominant and one recessive.

47
Q

Define Hetrozygous?

A

Describes an organism with pair of genes, where each is a different allele (one is dominant and one recessive)

48
Q

Define Recessive?

A

This characteristic will not manifest itself into an individual unless there are two of the recessive copies of the gene of the same geneotype

49
Q

Define phenotype?

A

The characteristics the alleles produce. Example Normal, Boring.

50
Q

What is the use of restriction enzymes?

A

Used to cut DNA molecules at specific sites.

51
Q

What is the use of Ligase?

A

Used to join pieces of DNA together.

52
Q

What are Vectors?

A

A vecor is something that is used to transfer DNA into a cell. There are two sorts plasmids and viruses.

53
Q

What is a Plasmid Vector?

A

Small, circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria.

54
Q

What is a virus Vector?

A

Viruses insert DNA into the organisms they infect.

55
Q

How does genetic engineering work?

A
  • DNA to be inserted is cut out with restriction enzyme. Vector DNA is then cut open with the same enzyme.
  • The vector DNA and the DNA you’re inserting are mixed together with ligase enzymes.
  • The ligase join the two pieces of DNA to produce the recombinant DNA.
  • The recombinant DNA is then inserted into other cells.
  • The cells now use the gene inserted to make the protein you want.
    = Bacteria containing the gene for human insulin can be grown in huge numbers in a fermenter to produce insulin for people with diabetes.

Biology (14 decks)

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