Topic Science Assess

Question 1

Class of enzymes that breaks molecules apart w/o using water

Answer 1

lyases

Question 2

enzymes that catalyze redox reactions

Answer 2

oxidoreductases

Question 3

enzymes that catalyze decomposition of a molecule using water

Answer 3

hydrolases

Question 4

the complexes formed when enzymes bind their cofactors

Answer 4

Holoenzyme

Question 5

the inactive precursor form of enzymes

Answer 5

Proenzyme/zymogenthe inactive precursor form of enzymes

Question 6

the different structural forms of enzymes that have the same function

Answer 6

isozyme

Question 7

denatured enzyme

Answer 7

enzymes that have lost their tertiary and quaternary structures

Question 8

Michaelis constant

Answer 8

Km = the substrate concentration at which half the enzyme’s active sites are bound

Question 9

Relationship b/t Km and enzyme/substrate affinity

Answer 9

Larger Km = less affinity

Question 10

How is the speed of an enzyme’s reaction related to Km and vmax

Answer 10

It is not related to Km but is directly proportional to Vmax

Question 11

structural protein that’s the primary component of the extracellular matrix

Answer 11

Collagen

Question 12

found primarily in skin, hair, and dead tissue

Answer 12

Keratin

Question 13

Found in microfilaments and is the most common protein in most living human cells

Answer 13

actin

Question 14

Which technique is most useful in determining the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 14

Edman degradation

Question 15

Which technique uses blue dye to determine protein concentration

Answer 15

Bradford protein assay

Question 16

Which technique is used to determine the 3D structure of a protein?

Answer 16

X-ray crystallography

Question 17

Gabriel reaction

Answer 17

used to synthesize amino acids

Question 18

(R)/(S) is based on … D/L is based on … (+)/(-) is based on…

Answer 18

(R)/(S) is based on absolute structure. D/L is based on the relationship to glyceraldehyde (+)/(-) is based on the rotation of light.

Question 19

How would you reduce a ketone?

Answer 19

use a tautomerization reaction

Question 20

Conversion between α and β anomie’s =

Answer 20

mutarotation

Question 21

replacement of an OH side group in a carboxylic acid with an OR group =

Answer 21

esterification

Question 22

In compounds, how do you tell which compound has the highest melting point?

Answer 22

Most Cs and most Hs = highest melting point

Question 23

Why are fats a better energy source than carbohydrates?

Answer 23

The carbon in lipids has a lower oxidation state than carbohydrates

Question 24

what do you know about histones? (4)

Answer 24

exterior has a high proportion of (+) side chains; forms an october; the nucleosome has about 200 base pairs wrapped around a histone core; and they are highly conserved across species

Question 25

What are the stop codons?

Answer 25

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 26

What class of enzymes differ between DNA and RNA

Answer 26

RNA doesn't have ligases because it doesn't have a lagging strand.

Question 27

The currently accepted model for the structure and basic function of biological membranes is the

Answer 27

Fluid mosaic model

Question 28

model for enzyme activity

Answer 28

induced fit model

Question 29

model for contraction of muscle cells

Answer 29

sliding filament model

Question 30

Cerebrosides and gangliosides are best characterized as:

Answer 30

sphingolipids

Question 31

The movement of sodium and potassium by the sodium potassium pump is an example of...

Answer 31

primary active transport

Question 32

Glucose enters muscle cells from the blood primarily by:

Answer 32

facilitated diffiusion

Question 33

Besides AP, products of reactions int eh glycolytic pathway include

Answer 33

ADP and NADH

Question 34

Which monosaccharide can't be used to produce energy via the glycolytic pathway

Answer 34

Mannose

Question 35

location of pyruvate dehydrogenase in enzymes

Answer 35

mitochondrial matrix

Question 36

location of citrate synthase in enzymes

Answer 36

mitochondrial matrix

Question 37

location of cytochrome c oxidase in enzymes

Answer 37

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 38

location of pyruvate kinase in enzymes

Answer 38

cytoplasm

Question 39

oxaloacetate, the precursor of citrate in the citric acid cycle has ___ carbons

Answer 39

4

Question 40

Micelle

Answer 40

A single-layered structure w/ hydrophilic groups pointing outward

Question 41

Ratio of lipid to protein (high to low)

Answer 41

chylomicrons \> VLDL \> LDL \> HDL

Question 42

β-oxidation

Answer 42

Fatty acid loses a two-carbon group; takes places in the mitochondria

Question 43

Minimum energy a biochemical reaction must release in order for it to be coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Answer 43

30 kJ/mol 7 kcal/mol

Question 44

Things necessary for something to function

Answer 44

cofactor

Question 45

Translated and transcribed in a normal fashion, but with some change in amino acid sequence = ____ mutation

Answer 45

missense

Question 46

Prematurely truncates a protein, often leaving it completely non-functional = ____ mutation

Answer 46

nonsense mutation

Question 47

These mutations cause sufficient disruptions of a protein as to render it nonfunctional

Answer 47

Frameshift mutation

Question 48

Cells that line most organs

Answer 48

epithelial cells

Question 49

cells of the kidney are derived from the \_\_\_derm

Answer 49

mesoderm

Question 50

Affect of ADH on water reabsorption

Answer 50

direct relationship

Question 51

affect of aldosterone on water reabsorption

Answer 51

direct relationship

Question 52

Affect of ADH on urine volume

Answer 52

inverse

Question 53

Affect of aldosterone on urine volume

Answer 53

inverse

Question 54

Four tenets of cell theory

Answer 54

(1) all livings things made of cells (2) cells = basic functional units of life (3) cells arise only from other cells (4) cells store info using nucleic acids

Question 55

Cell cycle: phase before G0

Answer 55

G1

Question 56

Pathway for sperm development

Answer 56

Seminiferous tubules to the epididymis

Question 57

Cells capable of becoming any cell type in the human body or even the placenta

Answer 57

Totipotent

Question 58

Fetus ductus arterisus

Answer 58

Reduce blood flow through lungs

Question 59

Oligodendrocytes are found in the... while Schwann cells are in the ...

Answer 59

Oligodendrocytes = CNS Schwann cells = PNS

Question 60

When an action potential is generated. the first thing that happens is...

Answer 60

Increased permeability Na+

Question 61

Steroid hormones most often bind...

Answer 61

to intracellular receptors of target cells

Question 62

Hormones that elevates calcium blood concentration

Answer 62

Parathyroid hormone (it causes osteoclasts in bone to break bone down [bone resorption] so that calcium is released into the blood])

Question 63

Menstrual cycle phase where progesterone is at the highest concentration?

Answer 63

Luteal phase

Question 64

In the nephron, what happens by increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water

Answer 64

concentrating the urine

Question 65

The collecting duct of the nephron is under ____ hormone control

Answer 65

ADH

Question 66

vitl capacity of the lungs

Answer 66

Max amount of air moved in a single resp. cycle

Question 67

Diaphragm relaxing = exhale or inhale?

Answer 67

exhale

Question 68

anatomical features of oxygen during inhalation

Answer 68

Pharynx -\> larynx -\> trachea -\> bronchioles

Question 69

B- blood produces both:

Answer 69

B antigens and anti-Rh antibodies

Question 70

A person with "-" blood produces...

Answer 70

Anti-Rh antibodies

Question 71

what is the relationship between carbon dioxide levels and carbonic acid levels in blood?

Answer 71

Direct

Question 72

An increase of blood carbon dioxide levels leads to a (increase/decrease) pH which (raises/lowers) the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Answer 72

Increase in blood CO₂ -\>Decrease of pH -\> lowers affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Question 73

Transfer of genes from one bacterium to another using a viral vector

Answer 73

Transduction

Question 74

\_\_\_\_\_\_ requires a sex pilus

Answer 74

Conjugation

Question 75

\_\_\_ involvse the uptake of "naked" DNA through the cell membrane

Answer 75

Transformation

Question 76

\_\_\_\_ are "jumping genes" that can insert and remove themselves from the genome; don't require a vector

Answer 76

Transposons

Question 77

The osteoclasts in bones are best classified as: A) B cells B) T cells C) Symbiotic bacteria D) Macrophages

Answer 77

Macrophages

Question 78

Pathways of the complement system and what they require

Answer 78

Classical pathway =Antigen binding Alternative pathway = Antibody-independent

Question 79

T cells that would react w/ self-proteins are normally inactivated in teh thymus. This occurs through:

Answer 79

Negative selection (cells that, when exposed to a self antigen, would produce an immune reponse are destroyed)

Question 80

Opsonization

Answer 80

Antibodies bind to a pathogen and recruit leukocytes to phagocytize those antigens

Question 81

Lacteals

Answer 81

small lymphatic vessels in digestive tract

Question 82

In adults, ligaments connect

Answer 82

bone to bone

Question 83

Founder effect

Answer 83

A change in gene frequencies when a small population is isolated from a larger population and therefore has a substantially different allele distribution