Topic Test Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
What is variation?
A
Variation in biology refers to differences in characteristics between living things.
2
Q
What are the three types of variation?
A
- Structural Variation (their appearance)
- Physiological variation (body’s chemistry)
- Behavioural Variation (how they act)
3
Q
What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation?
A
Discontinuous variation is variation that can be categorized into groups. It is usually caused by gentics like blood ground, able to tongue roll.
- Continuous variation is variation that cannot be categorized into distinct groups. The variation is represented in a spectrum (normal distribution). It is caused by genetics and environment.
4
Q
What are environmental characteristics?
A
Scars, hair length, skin colour
5
Q
What is the classfication?
A
Classification is the grouping of organisms based on their similarities (on characteristics and structure).
6
Q
What is a Amphibian, mammal, reptile and verterbrate?
A
Amphibian can go both in land and water.
Mammals do not lay eggs, they give birth to live young and provide milk.
Reptiles have scales.
Vertebrate have a back bone and skull to protect their brain.
7
Q
Who invented the Linnaean system and what is that?
A
Carl Linnaeus is a Swedish botanist born in 1707 that invented the Linnaen classification system.
The Linnaean classification system groups organisms into categories depending on their simmilarities.
8
Q
What are the groups of the Linnean system from biggest to smallest?
A
- Kingdom General
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species Specific
9
Q
What is the binomial naming system?
A
The binomial naming system is a way to name organisms scientifically that is known globally.
It is the Genus + Species
10
Q
What is a species?
A
Species is a organism that have similar characteristics and are able to reproduce together to produce fertile offspring.
11
Q
3 ways to check if 2 animals is the same species?
A
- Check if they have simmilar characteristics.
- If both can reproduce together to produce offspring.
- If the offspring is fertile. This means the offspring can make babies as well.
12
Q
What are evolutionary trees?
A
Evolutionary trees are models to show how organisms are related. They are built using DNA analysis and fossil data.
The evolutionary tree has branched to disply the common ancestors and the evlution of the animal.
13
Q
What is DNA?
A
DNA also known as Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule found in the nucleus of the cell contained as chromosomes, that contains the genetic information. It is a polymer of repeating nucleotides that forms a double helix.
14
Q
What is a genome?
A
A genome is a complete set of gentic material in a organism.
15
Q
What is a nucleotide?
A
Nucleotide are sub-units of DNA. It contains the deoxyribo sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
16
Q
What is the complementary base pairing rule?
A
The complementary base pairing rule describe how Adenine always pairs with Thymine. And how Cytosine always pair with Guanine.
17
Q
Describe the structure of DNA.
A
DNA is a polymer of repeating nucleotides and is in form of a double helix. The 2 strands are the sugar-phosphate backbone that has bases connecting them together by complementary base pairing through hydrogen bonds.
18
Q
What is the triplet code?
A
The triplet code is the 3 base that forms a sequence to produce one amino acid.
19
Q
What is a codon?
A
codon is 3 base sequences that codes for a amino acid
20
Q
What is a gene?
A
A gene is a section of the DNA that codes for a sequence of amino acids, that codes for a specific protein/trait.
21
Q
What is a chromosome?
A
A chromosome is tread-like structure that contains coiled up strand of DNA.
22
Q
How many chromosomes are in human and how many are in Chimpanzees?
A
In humans there are 46 chromosomes.
While in chipmazee there are 48 ,chromosomes.
23
Q
What is reproduction?
A
Reproduction is the process in which offspring are made.
24
Q
What are the two types of reproduction?
A
Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
25
What is a haploid?
Haploid are cells (gametes) that contain only half the chromosomes.
26
What is the advantage and disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
1. Takes a shorter time and energy effiecient.
1. Long term survival disadvantage because there is no variation between the speices; thus it cannot addapt to the changing environment. Also, if the parent is in threat to a disease, then the whole species will in threat.
27
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
1. Long term survival advantage
1. Takes a long time and more energy
28
What is Asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction is when one parent produces clones. There is no mixing of genetic information, so the parent produces genetically identical copies, aka clones.
29
What is sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction is the process where two parents have sex and the gametes fuse together to produce a zygote that will make us the offspring. This causes variation between offspring as the geneitcs are mixed.
30
What is homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosome is a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other. These pairs of chromosomes have the same gene at the same location (locus), same length.
31
What is a diploid?
A diploid cell contains a full set of chromosomes. It has 2 copies of the chromosome, one paternal and one maternal chromosomes.
32
What is a gamete?
A sex cell (haploid)
33
What is Karyotype?
A karyotype is a complete set of chromosomes in a organisms arranged into pairs of matching chromosomes (homologous pairs). This is known an karyotype and sometimes scientists record this set.
34
How to determine the sex of an individual?
We can determine the sex of an organism through the sex chromosomes (23rd pair of chromosome).
In the 23rd chromosomes if it is xx it is a female. But chromosomes are the same length.
XY is male. The y chromosome is shorter than x chromosome.
35
What is the purpose of variation?
Variation is created because it is a survival davanatge to the species in long term. This is because the changing environment will make in difficult for species to survive but since all species are different some will surveive will be able to pass that adaptation the the next generation with variation.
36
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is a cell division where the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. First, the DNA replicates before any cell division take place. Then the chromosomes (sister chromosomes ) line up into the middle of the cell and gets pulled to either side. Then, the nucleus and membrane divides to crete two identical daughter cells.
(1 division takes place in mitosis)
37
What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is another type of cell division that produce sex cells/gametes. The cell divides to form 4 gametes each containing half the number of chromosomes (haploid). All the gametes are genetically different to each other due to random assortement of chromosomes, seggregation, and cross-over.
It divides the cell 2 times.
38
What is the difference between sex cells and sex chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes is the 23rd pair of chromosome that determine the sex of an organisms. It is either x or y chromosomes.
While sex cells are gametes (sperm or egg) and are haploid cells. The female gamete and the male gamete fuse together to create the zygote to reproduce a offspring.
39
What are three ways Meiosis causes variation?
1. Independent assortment
2. Segregation
3. Cross-Over
40
What is Independent assortment?
Independent assortment is when homologous pairs line up in the center of the cell it is arranged randomly and one chromosome from each pair will go to a different gamete. Thus, this randomness creates variation.
41
What is segregation?
Seggregation is separating the chromosomes pair to eith gamete cell.
42
What is cross over?
Cross-over happens when the homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell they are so close together and may overlap, which causes sections of the chromosome/gene to exchange.
43
What are the two types of cell division?
Mitosis and Miosis
44
What is an allel?
Different form of a gene
45
What is phenotype?
Phenotype is the observable characteristics/ physical appearance traits
46
What is a genotype?
The genotype is the alleles present for a characteristic. (dominant or recessive)
47
What is a homozygous organism?
An homozygous organsim is someone who has two identical alleles for a characteristics.
1. Homozygous dominant= both alleles are dominant
2. Homozygous recessive= both alleles are recessive.
48
What is a heterozygous organsim?
Heterozygous organism is someone who has 2 different alleles for a characteristics.
49
What is dominant allele?
The allele that is expressed as the trait when there is atleast one allel is caled the dominant allele.
- Homozygous dominant
-Hetrozygous
50
What is recessive allele?
The allele that is expressed when the dominant allele is not present is called the recessive allele.
51
What is a punnet square?
A punnet square is used to predict the probability of what the offspring phenotype and genotype will be.
52
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a complete set of chromosomes arranged into homolgous pairs in order from largest to smallest.
53
What is a codon?
A codon is the 3 base sequences that codes for one amino acid.
54
What are the geneotype names?
When there is two identical alleles present for a characterisitc then it is known as homozygous genotype/organsim.
When there different alleles present for the characterisitic it is called heterozygous genotype/organsims.
55
How can the recessive allele be the phenotype?
The recessive allele needs to have both alleles be recessive to have it expressed as the phenotype.
bb - homozygous recessive
56
How can the dominant allele be expressed as the phenotype?
The dominant allele only needs to have one copy to be expressed as the phenotype as the dominant allele will always overcome the recessive and be the phenotype.
Heterozygous genotype= Dominant
Homozygous dominant= Dominant
57
What is Law of segregation?
The law of segregation explains how the two alleles for each trait in the homologous pair will be separated from each other during meiosis. Thus, each gamete will only contain one of the alleles as it will get the other allele from the egg.
58
What would be the offspring phenotype when the parents genotype is:
Homozygous dominant and anything
100% offspring with Dominant trait
58
What would be the phenotype of the offspring when the genotype of the parents is Heterozygous * Heterozygous
The offspring will have 75% chance of dominant traits.
And 25% chance of recessive trait
59
What would be the phenotype of the offspring when the parents' genotype is
Heterozygous and homozygous recessive
The offspring will have 50% dominant trait and 50% recessive trait.
ALL CHANCE
60
What would be the phenotype of the offspring where the parents' genotype is Homozygous recessive and homozygous recessive
The offspring will have 100% recessive trait chance.
61
Why are alleles different?
Alleles may be different because they have different base sequence.
62
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is the process where organisms that are better suited to the environment survive and are able to reproduce offsprings more sucessfully.
This is the main cause to the evolution of speicies. As these adadpation characteristcics will be passed down to generatin making alot of the speicies to have it.
63
What is Pure Breeding?
Pure Breeding individuals do not have hidden information; they are homozygous. They pass down specific phenotype trait to their offspring.
64
What percentage of the genome is identical?
99.9% of the human genome is identical.
65
How long is the human genome?
The human genome is around 3 billion base pair long.
66
How many genes do human contains?
Humans have around 20,000 to 25,000 genes.
67
When was the human genome project completed?
In 2003
68
Why is the human genome project important?
1. Allowed scientists to identify the genes related to disorders and make predicitions for it to prevent offspring with it and better treatement for that disease/disorder.
2. Allowed scientists to trace human migration patterns to better understand human evolution.
69
How does the variation occur is sexual reproduction?
Through mixing of genetic information and the random re-combination of alleles through fertilisation.
70
what are mutagens?
Mutagens are agents such as chemical substances that cause genetic mutations.
71
How is mutations caused?
Mutations can be caused randomly during DNA replication or through mutagens.
72
what is pure breeding?
Pure breeding means the organism is homozygous for the trait. Thus, the offspring will have the same phenotype as the homozygous parents.
73
Phylogentic trees?
Phylogentic trees aka as evolutionary trees are models to show the relatedness of the organism and their common ancestors.
74
What are the three types of mutations?
1. Neutral/silent mutation= The change in DNA sequence does not change the amino acid produced; thus, it has no effect on the phenotype.
2. Harmful mutation= the change in DNA sequence changes the amino acid, which in turn changes the protein; the phenotype change. It decreases the fitness of the individual.
3. Beneficial mutation= the change in the DNA sequence, changes the amino acid produced, which in turn changes the protein and phenotype. This new change increases the fitness of the individual.
75
What are the three types of selections?
1. Natural selection
2. Sexual selection
3. Artificial selection
76
What is natural selction?
Natural selection is where individuals who has more favourable traits to the changing environment survives and pass on that advantageous trait.
77
What is sexual selection?
Sexual selection is how the female choose who to mate with through the males appearance and specific traits. It occurs when certain traits in organisms become more attractive and desirable to the opposite sex, leading to a higher likelihood of successful mating and reproduction. Ultimately, these traits become more common in the population over time.
78
What is selective breeding?
Selective breeding aka artificial breeding is the process whereby individuals with desirable characteristics are breed together to produce an offspring which have those characteristics. (Usually humans do this for their own benefits_.
79
what is cross-breed?
Cross bred is when you breed two different animals to produce a hybrid.
80
what is migration?
Migration is the movement of an individual and the genetic materials they carry from one population to another.
Immigration: adds new alleles.
Emigration: Loosing new alleles.
81
What is a gene flow?
A gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another, which is known as migration.
82
Why is a large population more likely to survive than a small population?
A large population means there is more genetic variation. This implies that it has a greater chance of having individuals that posses favourable alleles to survive in the evolving environment (disease or natural disasters)
83
Why do we need to maintain genetic diversity in all species?
We need to maintain genetic diversity in all species because it allows for a healthy ecosystem, maintains our food sources and allows for discovery of helpful thing like antibiotics.
84
What are the gene track methodology?
- Pedigree charts: visual display of the inheritence of one trait within one family.
-Phlogentic trees: aka evolutionary models to show realtedness of organisms and common ancestors.
-Genetic markers: any gene/allele that has a known location on the DNA sequence (chromosome) and can be tracked within a population.
-Punnet squares: tables used to display the probability of the offspring genotype based on the parents genotype for a trait/sex.
85
What is a gene pool?
A gene pool contains all the combination of alleles within a population.
86
What is DNA sequencing?
DNA sequencing is finding the order of bases . So, we can compare to identitfy variation to predict, prevent, and diagnose.
87
What is a carrier?
A carrier is a hetrozygous for a trait. They carry the recessive allele but shows the dominant phenotype.
88
What are some ways to increase chances of species survival?
Increase the gene pool by mutations, sexual reproduction, and prevent inbreeding.
89
What is cystic Fibrosis?
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disorder caused by mutation. Suffers produce mucus that is thicker and sticker than normal which cause infections and implications.
90
How is CF caused?
Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation. It is when the alleles of the CFTR gene are defective which is caused by a mutation.
91
What are the sources of genetic variation?
1. Mutations
2. Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis and random fertilisation)
3. Migration
92
Gene tracking methodoly:
Gene tracking metodolgy like pedigree charts & punnet squares can be used to predict the chances of offsprings genotype, which can be used to make more informed decisions about having a child and what medical side needs to be controlled.
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