topics Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
- Skin diseases of cattle
A
- Aquired or congenital
1. alopecia:
cattle: hypotrichosis, B2, Zn, cachexia, others.
sheep: cahexia, deficiencies, wool eating, scabies
2. photo dermatitis
3. allergic dermatitits
4. viruses: FMD, malignant catarrhal fever, BVD, pappilomatosis, infectious vessicular stomatitis, lumpy skin disease ++
5. bacteria: necrobacillosis, tuberculosis, dermatitis nodosa, arcanobacterium, actinobacillosis
6. Fungal infections: trichophytiasis/ringworm
7. Parasitic dermatitis: mange
8. neoplastic diseases: melanosarcoma, eyelid carcinoma/transitional cell carcinoma
2
Q
- Diseases of the lungs and upper airways in ruminants
A
- symptoms diveded according to anatomical region
1. Malignant catarrhal fever (herpesvirus: OHV-2)
2. infectious rhinotracheitis (pestivirus)
3. fog fever (=acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema)
4. Enzootic bronchopneumonia of calves - parainfluenza-3, adenovirus, BVD, RS, IBR
- Past. hemolytica & multocida, Hem. somnus, chlamydia psittaci, strept. pneumonia, mycoplasma bovis
5. chronic purrulent bronchopneumonia
6. lung worm disease
7. chronic dry pleutitis
8. bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep
3
Q
- Diseases of the oral cavity and the oesophagus in ruminants
A
- stomatitis:
- simple, ulcerative, nectrotic, purrulent, menbranous, papular, vesicular
- non- infectious: physical, chemical, toxicosis
- infectious - esophageal obstruction
- dysphagia in cattle
4
Q
- Diseases of the intestines of ruminants
A
- enteritis (sole or multifactorial)
- paratuberculosis
- cecal dilation and torsion in cattle
5
Q
- Diagnostics and treatment of liver diseases in ruminants
A
- Jaundice (hemolytic, hepatic, obstructive)
- non purrulent hepatitis (metabolic, toxic, infectious)
- infectious necrotic hepatitis (“black disease”)
- hepatic abcess: purrulent hepatitis
(neutrophile granulocytes present) - hepatitis (necrobacillosis by F. necrophorum)
- fatty liver disease
Therapy:
- gluconeoplastic materials - best choice
- GCC
- glucose/dextrose infusion
- insulin
6
Q
- Cardiologic and hemopoietic diseases in ruminants
A
Cardiovascular:
- congenital:
1. ventricular & atrial septal fedect
2. tetralogy of fallot - Aquired:
1. dilated cardiomyopathy
2. bacterial endocarditis
3. traumatic pericarditis
Hemopoetic:
- blood loosing anemia
- hemolytic anemia: intravascular hemolysis
- aplastic (Hypoplastic) anemia
- hemorrhagic diathesis
- bovine neonatal pancytopenia
- leukosis in cattle
7
Q
- Diseases of the kidney and the excretory system in ruminants
A
non- purulent renal diseases:
- acute nephrosis
- renal amyloidosis
- non-purrulent nephritis
purulent renal diseases:
- contagious bovine pyelonephritis
- urolithiasis
- purulent nephritis
8
Q
- Neurological diseases in cattle
A
Congenital:
- hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia
- lysosomal storage disease
- other degenerative diseases
Viral:
- rabies
- Aujeszky’s disease
- looping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)
- others: bovine malignant catarrhal fever & IBR
Prions:
- scrapie: sheep and goat
- bovine sponiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Bacterial:
- meningitis, meningoencephalitis - myelitis
- thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
- listeriosis
- chlamydia encephalomyelitis
Parasites:
- coenurosis (gid, stardy)
- oestrosis (nasal bots)
Neurological diseases caused by metabolic problems
1. vit. A deficiency
2. cerebrocortical necrosis (CNN, polioencephalomalacia)
- thiamine loss or due to hydrogen sulfide
3 .copper deficiency
Diseases caused by toxins of bacteria or fungi
- Tetanus
- botulism
9
Q
- Biochemical disorders of the rumen
A
- rumen overload and dilatation
- simple indigestion of the rumen
- rumen alkalosis: incr. NH3 (very rare)
- rumen putrefaction
- rumen acidosis
- ruminal tympany
- free gas or frothy bloat
10
Q
- Metabolic diseases in ruminants
A
- Partuition paresis (milk fever)
- downer cow syndrome (= atypical milk fever)
- osteopathies
- rickets, osteomalacia, spastic paresis - cattle myopathy
- fatty liver syndrome
- ketosis
11
Q
- Deficiencies of certain antioxidants (beta – carotene, vitamin E) in cattle
A
Beta-carotene (= Vit A)
- winter
- primary: absolute deficiency (lack of supply)
- secondary: maldigestion or malabsorption
- sympt: blindness in calves, loss of reproductive function, retained placenta, night blindness, DOD in calves
- prevention: early monitoring of plasma conc.,
green vegetation, carrots, supplementation
Vit E:
- muscular atrophy
- immunosupression
- cardiac muscle
- skeketal muscle
- pale muscles
12
Q
- Rumenotomy in cattle
Indications
A
- ruminal reticular disease
- foreign body –> traumatic reticulitis, reticuloperitonits
- remove ruminal content: ruminal & omasal impactions, toxic ingestion, reducing a ruminal mass
13
Q
- Rumenotomy in cattle
general steps
A
- surgical restraint
- presurgical procedure
- anesthesia
- incision site and technique
- abdominal cavity manipulation
- abdominal wall suturing
- postoperative care
14
Q
- Hardware disease (traumatic reticuloperitonitis): Incidence, etiology/cause, predisposing factors and pathogenesis
A
- incidence: decreased!
- cause:
- 99% of foreign bodies injure the reticulum
- sharp metal objects, aluminium - predisposing factors:
- cows eat without selection
- don’t completely masticate before swallowing
- papillae on the tongue and buccal cavity - pathogenesis:
- silent type, 0,5-1 cm, >2cm, 8-10cm
a. pain
b. inflammation
c.
- wide wound channel: diffuse peritonitis which is acute and causes local/systemic consequenses
- narrow wound lumen: localized RPT qhich can be acute (causing local/systemic consequences) or chronic (being reccurent or causing adhesions with locked forestomach movenents)
15
Q
- Hardware disease (traumatic reticuloperitonotis): Clinical signs, local and/or systemic consequenses, diagnosis and treatment
A
- clinical signs:
1. posture
2. movement/behaviour
3. sound (grunt)
4. basic clinical values (with RPT)
5. digestive signs - local &/or systemic consequences:
1. toxins, bacteria —> secondary dirorders:
nephrosis, myocardosis/myocarditis, arthritis
2. forther penetration: —> complications:
a. traumatic pericarditis, +/- pleuritis, pneumonia
b. traumatic spenitis, hepatitis, abmasitis
c. hoflund syndrome
d. rare: coronary bleeding, subcutaneous abcess - diagnosis:
clinical exam, hematology, rumen fluid, ferroscopy, abdominocenthesis, laparoscopy, endoscopy of the reticulum, US, radiography - treatment:
1. conservative: AB, diet, reticular magnet, elevation of cranial body, immobilization.
2. surgery: laparprumenotomy
3. prevention: remove foreign objects, reticular magnet
16
Q
- Hoflund syndrome
- anatomy
- cause
- pathogenesis
A
—> vagal indigestion
Anatomy:
1. dorsal trunk of vagus: rumen
2. ventral trunk: reticulum, omasum, abomsaum
cause:
1. injury, inflam, pressure on vagus nerve
2. traumatic reticuloperitonitis
3. reticular abcess
4. abcess in the left liver lobe
pathogenesis:
1. vagus lesion: functional central (central, peripheral)
2. disorders (inactivity) of stomach
3. functional stenosis (anterior, posterior)
4. blocked passage of feed
17
Q
- Hoflund syndrome
- clinical signs
- diagnosis
- treatment
A
clinical signs:
- course: subacute or chronic
- general symptoms: weakness, moderate but irreversible weightloss
- basic clinical values: pulse decreases and increases resp. rate
- skin: exsiccosis, sign of chronic disease
- Mucous membr.: pale and dry
- digestive organs:
a. appetite can be decreased
b. rumen: abnormal contractions, rumination and belching decreased, abnormal ruminal content, long lasting variable distension
c. feces: dry and dark: small amounts, pasty/sticky
d. rectal exam: abnormal content within distended rumen
- NB: posterior functional stenosis:
whole left side is distended + bottom part of right side
diagnosis:
- clinicla signs
- chronic abdominal distension
- chronic weightloss
- recurrent blaot
- abnormal ruminal content
- rumenotomy
Differential diagnosis:
- primary and secondary ruminal tympany
- diseases with abdominal pain
- abomasal disease
treatment: (goal: to prolong life if necessary)
- surgery
- (AB)
- artificial nutrition
- permanent rumen fistula
18
Q
- Anatomy of the abomasum, diseases of the abomasum (list), abomasal displacement: forms, incidence, etiology/causes and predisposing factors
A
anatomy:
- cranial, caudal part
- calves
- true stomach: glands, enzymes
Abomasal diseases: 1. abomasal displacement (L&R) 2. abomasal inflammation 4 abomasal ulcers 3. abomasal obturation
abomasal displacements:
forms:
Normal position: ventral part of abdomen, to the right from the rumen
1. left sided (chronic) -85-95%
abomasum is displaced below the rumen and to the left. trapping it between the rumen and abd. wall
2. R sided (acute) - uncommon
into the craniodorsal right abdomen
incidence:
- 5-10%
- common in high producing dairy cattle
- soon after calving (first 14 days)
- drop in mink production
- ascultation and percussion
causes:
1. Mainly nutrition!
2. breed: holstein
3. genetic background
4. anatomical factors: calving etc.
5. metabolic disorders: ketosis, lipid mobilization
6. lactation
7. other abomasal diseases
8. recurrent diseases: endometritis, mastitis etc.
predisposing factors:
- peripartum disperder: hypocalcemia, dystochia, twin calves, retained placenta, ketosis, metritis)
- herd mamagenent
- severe negative energy balance
- hypocalcemia in general
19
Q
- Pathogenesis of the abomasal displacement, general and local consequences of abomasal displacement
A
Pathogenesis:
nutritional abnormalities (increased grain & decreased fibre) —> increased VFA in abomasum —-> hypomobility or atony —> dilatation of the abomasum
—> displacement
local consequences:
- abomasal mobility decreases
- abomasal passage disturbed and/or stopped
- reflux syndrome
- abomasal ulceration –> peritonitis
general consequences:
- Accumulation of acid rich secretion
- hypochloremia
- dehydration —> hemoconcentration –> GFR decr. —> may cause extrarenal uremia
- metabolic alkalosis –> hypokalemia (due to compensation)
- paradox aciduria
- in case of RDA:
ischemia –> lower tissue perfusion –> lactate incr. –> metabolic acidosis
20
Q
- Clinical signs and diagnosis of the left sided abomasal displacement
A
clinical signs:
- chronic
1. general symptons/asymptomatic - nothing or “only” depression
- weigh loss
- dehydration
2. Basic clinical values: normal temp, pulse, resp.
3. digestive symptons: - appetite: variable
- rumen: small, firm, decreased motility
- abomasum: not palpable
- feces: thin, pasty —> viscous diarrhea
- decr. milk production
diagnosis:
- screening examination
- chronic, base values are not changing
- target examination of the abomasum
- physical examination method
- Auscultation with balloment: losts of fluid –> splashing
- Auscultation with percussion: gas accumulation –> ping metallic sound
- degree: listen points: start from the left flank and go down in 2 lines
21
Q
- Clinical signs and diagnosis of the right sided abomasal displacement
A
Acute –> torsion –> shock, death
- general symptoms:
1. serious deterioration, weakness
2. abdominal pain
3. more severe than L sided (especially with torsion) - Pulse: increased!
- resp. rate: variable
- skin: dehydration
- mucous membr. : dry, pale –> dirty red (endotoxaemia)
- sign of peripheral circulatory failure
- digestive organs:
1. appetite: completely lost, thirst increased
2. feces: pasty, small amouts
3. rumen: complete stasis
4. abomasum: visible & palpable in severe cases
Diagnosis:
- acute
- differential diagnosis: cecal dilatation and torsion,
small intestinal ileus
- target exam:
rectal exam in severe cases
auscultation: with balloment or percussion
22
Q
- Abomasitis, abomasal ulcer
A
forms:
1. primary: rare
- stress, grass, fertilizers, herbizides, fungi, hair balls, calves: rough fodder
2. secondary: common
- other abomasal diseases, leukosis, GI helminths, other infection diseases: BVD, salmonellosis
clinical signs:
- mild form:
- no symptoms or mild gneral symptoms
- no appetite - severe form: (bleeding ulcer)
- bleeding: anemia, dehydration, peripheral circulatory failure
- feases: melena
- rumen: stasis, positive reticular pain probes
- abomasum: pain during pressure/palpation, gas and fluid accumulation, perforation: local and diffuse peritonitis –> rapid death
Diagnosis:
- local findings: feces
- general findings: anemia
- abomasocentesis (not commonly used)
Treatment:
- diet, adstringes, mucoprotective drugs
- blood transfusion
- H2 receptor blocking drugs (cimetidine)
- alkalizers (MgO, Mg silicate)
- surgery
- prognosis —> very poor
23
Q
- Abomasal impaction and reflux syndrome
A
Abomasal impaction:
- dietary impactions:
- pregnant beef cows: decr. water inntake, poor quality roughage
- mixed rations containing chopped or ground roughage (straw, hay), and cereal grains
- sand or rough hard fodder and lack of drinking
- clinical signs: like abomasal ulcer, but abomasum is firm and asck like when palpated - non-dietary impactions:
- postpartum
- late gestation: mechanical interaction btw pregnant uterus and abomasum which is dispalced cranially
- decr. abomasal motility and emptying by vagal indigestion (Hoflund)
- heriditary abomasal emptying (suffolk)
Treatment:
- concervative
- surgery
Reflux syndrome:
- can be consequence of any disease of abomasum:
(displacement, inflam, umcer, obturation)
- rarely the primary disease
- rumination decreased, acidic content in rumen, rumen distension
- consequence: dehydration, matabolic alkalosis, rumen distension
- pathogenesis:
Abomasal disorder –> backflow of the abomasal fluid
1. Cl accumulates in the rumen and don’t get into the intestines to be absorbed
2. Usually bicarbonate in the blood will be exchanged for Cl in the intestines, but without the Cl you will get a metabolic alkalosis
3. to try and compensate for the metabolic alkalosis the K storage in the body will be depleted and we will get a hypokalemia (IC Na and H will be exchanged with EC K)
4. Pradox aciduria will develop as normaly Na is exchanged for K (which is depleted) so it is exchanged for H+ instead - clinical signs:
Local: dilatation of the rumen - undulating, thin watery/sours smelling content
General: dehydration (urine like breath, PCV incr.), metabolic alkalosis (shallow breath, RR decr.)
24
Q
- Therapeutic approaches of abomasal displacement
A
Aim: replacement and fixation
- considersations
1. rolling
2. utrecht method
3. Hannover method
4. ventral paramedian abomasopexy
5. Toggle-pin
6. laparascopy (best)
25
23. Proximal lumbar paravertebral nerve block in cattle
Spinal nerves blocked T13, L1 & 2
- indications: standing animals for any L or R flank laparotomy
- pre infusion procedures
- materials needed: 16-18 gauge spinal needle
+ 14G guide needle (cannula through the skin og stab punture w. bayonet-tip scalpel)
+ 20ml syringe and 2% lidocaine
```
- basic tecniques:
locate L1 and count back to L5 ---> 3 inj.
* 4-5 cm lateral to dorsal midline
*inj 5ml for the skin
* needle nearly vertical: 10-15ml
```
- common mistakes
- result: warm (vasodiation), anestetized, bent to oposite side, (scoliosis)
26
24. Distal lumbar paravertebral nerve block in cattle
T13, L1 & 2 but coming at them from a more distal position
- indication: Like prox.
+ animals w. ataxia or general body weakness as longissimus dorsi won't be anesthetized
- Material: same as prox
- basic tecnique: dist aspect of L1, L2 and L4 (below the transverse proc. without removing needle)
Advantages: (generally prefered mehod)
* easyer to palpate landmarks
* longisimus dorsi: not involved = Ø scoliosis, locomotion problems
disadvantages:
require more anesthetic solution (6 inj. with 10 ml)
obese, fat animals can be hard to palpate the proc.
27
25. Inverted L paralumbar anesthesia, anesthesia of the distal limb via vascular (IV) infusion, anesthesia of the horn (cornual nerve block) in cattle.
Inverted L paralumbar anesthesia:
- for the flank
- multiple inj. following a line btw the last thoracic vertebrae and tuber coxae + at caud border of 13th rib and ventral aspect of transverse proc of lumbar vertebrae
- Advantages: simple, Ø interference w. locomotion
- disadvatnage: peritioneum is not properly anesthestized. Multiple injections: more painful, more chance for abcesses. excessive ijnection solution: can lead to healing abnormalities
anesthesia of the distal limb via vascular (IV) infusion:
- for surgery distal to fetlock joint in both front & hindlimb: foot surgery, claw amputation
- pre infusion- procedure:
1. lateral recumbency
2. leg restraint
3. preanesthetic sedation or analgesia
4. cleaning and prepare area
- need: rubber tubing, 20-22G needle, syringe, lidoc.
- technique
anesthesia of the horn (cornual nerve block) in cattle:
- cornuectomy
- restraint, +/- sedation, preparation
- 16-18G needle, 10ml syringe
- palpate lat. edge of the frontal bone (crest)
- åalpate lat. canthus of the eye and basis of the horn and make a line between them
28
26. Anaesthesia of the teat in cattle
- both lat. recumbency and staning (best)
- theoretically: L2 and L3 nerves (but practically not)
- nerve block: for extensive fore teat surgery
- Methods:
1. ring block of teat mase
2. inverted V block over the surgical area
3. teat cisterna infusion
4. vascular (local) infusion
29
27. Epidural anesthesia in cattle
- Spinal cord: covered in 3 layers, ends: lumbar region
- indications: all surgeries posterior to diaphragma
- contraindications:
* damage: lumbar/sacral vertebrae, spinal cord, congenital abnormalitrs
* inflammation near injection
* paresis or lamenesss in hindpart
* very low blood pressure or circulatory collapse
Admin:
1. low caudal epidural: S3-5
Btw. 1st and 2nd coccygeal vert. (coccygo-coccygeal)
2. high caudal epidural: S2-5
Btw. last sacral (S5) and 1st coccygeal (sacro-coccygeal)
- Lidocaine +/- Xylazine
- move tail up and down
- 15 degree angle needle
- place a drop on the hub of the needle (neg. pressure)
- Optimal dose: pateints size and condition
30
28. Forms of general anesthesia in cattle...
forms: (complete loss of conciousness, decreased sensitivity and motor response
1. Intravenous
2. inhalation
Advantages: short induction time, minimal assistance, small volumes needed
Disadvantages:
depth is more difficult to control, slow recovery, withdrawal time food animals, resp. support
Complications:
- lung capasity of cattle: lower than horses etc.
- rumen reflux ---> aspirated ---> aspiration pneumonia
- rumen tympani
other considerations:
- weight + other affecting factors --> rate and dose
- proper restraint and vein accessability
31
28. commonly used drugs and drugs combinations
1. Acepromazine = phenotiazine-based tranquillizer (mild sedation)
2. diazepam/midazolam = phenotiazine-based tranq. (sedation and muscle relaxant)
3. Xylazine = alpha 2 agonist
(potent sedative & some analgesic effect)
4. detomidine = alpha 2 agonist
(potent sedative & some analgesic effect, more than 3)
5. Ketamine = dissociative anesthetic agent
(strong analgesic effect, when given SC)
6. butorphanol = opiate (analgesic)
7. Flunixin Meglumine = NSAID's
8. meloxicam = NSAID's
(analgesic)
Comboes:
a. ketamine stun
b. IV recumbent stun:
c. IM or SC recumbent stun
d. IV standing stun
e. IM or SC standing stun
f. 5-10-20 technique
32
29. Approaches, indications and contraindications of cattle abdominal surgery
1. Laparotomy
2. Laparoscopy
R side: rumen
L side: abomasum, pylorus, rumen, liver, etc.
indications:
- Abdominal digestice tract: rumenotomy
- cesarian section
- peritoneum, spleen, diaphragma, kidneys, ureters, bladder, inguinal rings, omentum, liver and gallbladder, mesentery &/or lymphnodes, internal genitalia, skeleton.
contraindications:
- weak general health status (can't stand etc.)
approaches:
- order of cutting
a. Gøtze (caudo-dorsal blind sack)
b. Weingarth's
- procedures that can be done after opeing the rumen
- suggested intraruminal medication
- suturing rumen
- abd. wall suturing in 3 layers
1. peritoneum + transversus + internal obl.
2. external obl. + subcut
3. skin
- postop care
33
30. The bony and the soft birth canal in cattle
components:
1. os coxae (os ilei, os ichii, os pubis)
2. os sacrum
3. coccygeal vertebraes
4. pelvic ligaments
Diameters:
1. conjugata vera
2. conjugate daiagonalsi
3. diameter oblqua maxima
4. diameter verticalis
5. diameter transversa aperturae pelvis cranialis dors.
- intermedia, ventralis
6. diameter transversa media
7. diameter transversa aperturae pelvis caudalis
8. distantia tuberalis coxae
Linea directiv
soft componets:
1. cervix
2. vagina
3. Hymen
4. vestibulum
5. vulva
6. perineum
34
31. Anatomy and examination techniques of the genital tract of the cow
Anat:
- separated from the rectum by rectogenital pouch
- position depening on age, nr. of calves, pregnancy
Suspensions:
1. lig. latum uteri
2. Extension of the peritoneum
- mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometruim
- Layers: serosa, muscles, submucosa
Examination:
1. ovaries: (anestrous, follicle, corpus luteum)
- rectal palpation
- US
- colour doppler US
- laparoscopy
- progesterone measurements (milk, sera, plasma)
2. oviduct:
- rectal palpation
- US
3. uterus:
- rectal exam
- Us
- endoscopic exam
- additional exams: biopsy, microbiology, cytology
4. vagina:
- peculum exam
- rectal palpation
35
32. Ancilliary diagnostics (bacteriology, cytology, biopsy) in the diagnostics of the female genital tract in cattle
Uterine bacteriology:
- vulva: cleaning, drying, opening
- sterile swab
- introduce into uterus
- handeling sample
- colled transport to lab
uterine cytology:
- cytobrush
- lavage
- ---> polymorphoneutrophil cells (sign of inflam.)
- ---> diagnostic for subclinical endometritis
Uterine biopsy:
- only experimental in cattle
- negative influence on pregnancy rate
- open and push on dors. wall while pushing down from the rectum
36
33. Pharmacological treatment of the reproductive cycle in cattle
1. Prostaglanding treatment
- shorteinig of luteal phase
- estrus syncronization
- enhancement of uterine contractions
- cervical dialtion
Natural: dinoprost
synthetic: cloprostenol, luprostiol, fenprostalene
2. clinical application of GnRH
- hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal axis
- flare effect: desensitisation of the pituitary
if the follicle is big enough ---> ovulation will happen
- receptor downregulation: more than 10 days of treatment
- GnRH- receptor agonists:
leuprolide, buserelin, histerelin, goserelin, deslorelin, nafarelin, gonadorelin
3. gestation/progestogens treatment
- 5 or 7 days protocol
37
34. Pregnancy determination in cattle
1. rectal palpation: non-specific
- palpation of fluctuation
- amniotic sac palpation
- fetal membrane slipping
2. ultrasonography
3. pregnancy protein measurements
4. progesterone conc. measurement - non specific
38
35. Clinical features of pregnancy proteins in cattle
PAG (pregnancy associated glycoprotein) subtype
1. bPAG-1:
- genetically younger cells produce
- only binucleate cells produce
- after 25 days of pregnancy: show up in maternal circulation
2. bPAG-2:
- genetically older cells produce
- mono and binucleate cells produce
- cells are mostly located at the foetomaternal border of the plasma
- production starts earlier and lasts longer in placenta
3. bPSPB
- rapid visual PAG test or sandwich type ELISA
- in blood and milk
39
36. Clinical management of cattle twin pregnancy
- effects: enviromnent, nutrition, climatic seasonal factors, age, parity
- more common in dairy: due to higher co dominant ovulation= 2 follicles ovulating at the same time
- bilateral twins: more common
- low rate of monozygotic twins
cause:
1. milk production
2. Different preovulatory FSH patterns
3. Due to increased metabolism increased blood flow through the liver
4. Not caused by preovulatory hormones
Consequences:
1. abortion
2. freemartinism
3. foetal mortality
4. length of pregnancy: shortened 3.5-8 weeks
5. dystochia
6. placental retention
7. postpartum reproductive performance decrease
Diagnosis:
- rectal palpation
- US
- Pregnancy protein measurement
- Progesterone conc. (non-specific)
40
37. Embryonic and fetal losses in cattle
embryonic mortality diagnosis:
- heartbeat detection
- detection of amniotic vesicle, if possible the allantois
Infectious causes:
1. IBR
2. BVD
3. bluetonge
4. schmallenberg virus
5. Leptospirosis
6. Neospora caninum
7. coxiella burnetti
8. brucellosis
9. camphylobacter fetus subsp. veneralis
10. tritrichomonas foetus
11. akabane, aino, paylam viruses
Non infectious:
1. genetic background
2. negative energy balance
3. twin pregnancy
4. Time of AI
5. body condition scoring
6. heat stress
7. inercurrent diseases
8. social ranking
9. milk production and nutrition
Monstrosities
- abnormal development of the placenta
- internal and external factors
- hereditary factores
41
38. Dislocations of the pregnant uterus, labour activity and uterine inertia in cattle
Dislocation of the pregnant uterus:
- in the vertical plane (normal situation: >120 degrees
1. ventroversion: the gravid horn --> downwards derivation 90-120 degrees
2. ventroflexion: the gravid horn --> 90 degrees
3. retroflexion: of the gravid horn (mare)
Torsions:
- diagnostics: rectal palpation of the braod lig.
- directions:
Left: cointer clockwise
Right: chockwise
- Magnitude: 45, 90, 180, 270, 360 degrees
- types:
internal or external
- best diagnostic possibility: transvaginal palpation
Treatment:
1. manual, per vaginum
2. rotation of the cows body
3. laparatomy
4. caesarian section = most often
Labour pains:
1. premonitory
2. opening
3. expulsive
4. after pains
- abnormal pains:
1. Early pains
2. inertia: (= pathological conditions of pain activity)
primary: originating from uterus
secondary: from primary clinicsal disease --> abcess in abdomen
3. violent pains (ruptured uterus during birthing)
42
39. Enlargement of the soft birth canal in cattle. Instruments of obstetrical aid in cattle
1. Incision cervicis:
- purpose: failure of cervix to dilate
- tool: scalpel, hetzel fingerknife
- medial, supf. incisions of mucosal menbr. and longitudinal muscle layer only
2. Episiotomy:
- Purpose: protection of the perineum
- indication: failure of the vulva, vestibulum, vagina to dilate
Obstetrical aid:
1. Obstetrical snare
2. obstetrical chain
3. obstetrical traction bar
4. wire loops
5. snare introducers
6. obstetrical hooks
7. other obstetrical tools
43
39. Obstetrical loop types:
1. simple snare loop
2. running loop - doubble lined loop
3. whip loop - doubble
4. loosening loop
5. lungwitz nape mouth loop
6. gagny loop
7. mandible loop - doubble loop
8. Johnk's snare loop
9. saake lumbal snare loop - need 2 chains or snares
44
39.
- snare introducer types
- hoock types
Snare introducers:
1. Zwick sand's snare introducer
2. Schriver's snare itroducer
Hooks
1. Ostertag's eye hook
2. Harms's eye hook
3. Krey-schøttler doubble hook
4. Cseh-Horváth semi automatic doubble hook
5. obermeyer anal hook
45
40. Definition of the presentation, position and posture of the fetus in cattle. Normal and abnormal presentations in cattle
```
Definition: relation of the long axis of the fetus to that of the dam
Normal position: longitud. anterior or posterior
Abnormal:
1. dorso-transverse
2. ventro-transverse
3. (oblique) dorso-vertical
4. (oblique) ventro-vertical
= harms dog-sitting position
```
Position: relation of the vertebral column of the fetus to that of the dam
Posture: relation of the head, neck and limbs of the fetus to its trunk
46
41. Deviations of the head and clinical management in cattle
1. Lateral deviation
- L side more often in calves
- One front leg more caud.
- trachea turns to one side
- head can be reached
- good prognosis
2. downward deviation
- vertex posture (good progn.)
- breast head posture (dam: dorsal recumbency)
- mostly foals and lambs
3. upward deviation
- rare in calves
- bad prognosis
-
47
42. Deviations of the forelimbs and clinical management in cattle
Normal posture:
- flexed: ONLY during pregnancy
- extended: ONLY during partuition
- predispositions: premature, uterine inertia, twins, reduction of intrauterine space
- Abnormal:
1. carpal flexion posture
2. incomplete extension of the elbows
3. shoulder flexion posture= complete retention of the forelimbs
4. foot nape posture
48
43. Deviations of the hindlimbs and clinical management in cattle
- more difficult repositioning
- needs more space
- needs more external power
- should be corrected fast to avoid (suffocation)
1. Hock flexion posture
- Advanced
- invaded (tuber calcanei)
- jammed/wedged in (stuck fetus)
- Should be differentiated from the hip flexion: tuber calcanei lays under the pecten ossis pubis
- if hock in under the pecten: dam should be placed in dorsal recumbency
2. hip flexion posture
- mostly in calves
- hips are flexed so that limbs are under the abdomen
49
44. Lubricants and labor pain management in cattle
Lubricants:
- should be:
1. non-irritative
2. neutral to the organism
3. mucous, smoothly covering the mucosal membr.
- Earlier: potassium-soap, lineseed-decoction, vegetable oils
- now: methylcellulose
- preparates: vetgel, mucogel
Labour pain management:
1. inhibition of uterine activity: uterine relaxants
- Clenbuterol
- butylscopolaminum: IV, IM in cattle (effect 4-6h)
2. anesthesia for obstetrics:
based on:
- patient: species, agen, temper, general condition
- type intervention: place, type, duration
- Local or analgesia, sedation, general anesthesia
- Bloody enlagement of soft birt channel
3. Local & regional nerve blocks:
- Abdominal wall:
Prox. lumbar paravertebral n. block
Dist. lumbar paravertebral n. block
Inverted L parelumbar anesthesia
4. Epidural
a. high caudal (sacro-coccygeal)
b. low caudal (coccigi-coccigeal)
c. lumbo-sacral
- 3 membranes (dura, arachnoid, pia)
5. general anesthesia
See past topic for drugs, compoes etc.
50
45. Caesarean section in cows: indications, contraindications, surgical restraint, preparation of abdominal wall
Indications:
1. Dystocia
2. research
contraindication:
1. Emphysematous fetuses
2. uterus rupture (too late?)
Decision on CS:
contamination, time, probability of live calf, facilities, assistance, experience +++
surgical restraint:
- standing prefered (heifers more likely to lie down)
- -> les tension, udder, less asistance needed
prepareation of abdominal wall
51
46. Caesarean section in cows: Anaesthesia of the abdominal wall, incision, abdominal manipulation, closure of the abdominal wall
Anesthesia:
1. Prox. lumbar paravertebral (prefered)
2. dist. lumbar paravertebral
3. inverted L
Incision:
- standing
- recumbency: median, paramedian, oblique
- Gøtze or weingarth's method
Manipulation:
1. sterile saline on gloves
2. grab leg of fetus within tip of uterine horn
3. bring the tip to the abd. incision
4. make uterine incision (greater curvature of pregnant horn) start at the tip of the horn and go towards cervix
5. Obstetrichan chains to the legs (preferably doubble loop, one above and one below the fetlock)
6. After delivery: remove placenta if loose, or trim
Closure:
- uterus: doubble row of inverting seromuscular suture pattern (lamber, cushing, utrecht)
- abdomen: 3 layers
52
47. Fetotomy: conditions, equiptment, preparation and steps of the most often used techniques in cows
indications:
1. dead fetus
2. dystochia that can't be solved with manipulation or forced extraction (calf jack)
- Advantages/disadvantages
- equipment:
1. thygesen fetatome
2. spiral fetatome
3. saw wire
4. wire saw handles
5. Zwick-sand saw wire introducers
6. fetatome threader
7. snare introducer
8. chain handles
9. obstetrical chain
10. eye hooks
11. krey-schøttler doubble hook
12. fetotomy knife
13. obstetrical doubble hooks
Types of fetotomy:
- Anterior (longitudinal) presentation
1. Benesch method
2. Gøtze method
3. Baier-Schhaetz method
- Posterior (longitudinal) presentation
1st. method
2nd. method
Baier-schaetz
53
48. Pathophysiology, classification and treatment of vaginal prolapse in cows
- last trimester of pregnancy
- hormonal changes (E2, relaxin)
Classification:
Grade 1: intermittent prolapse
Grade 2: continuos without major tissue damage, urinary bladder is retroflexed ---> urinary problems
Grade 3: Both the cervix and almost the entire vagina is prolapsed
- major irritation, local edema, hyperaemia, compression of blood vessels
- hard to replace, NB signs of toxaemia
Grade 4: Prolonged prolapse
- grade 2 or 3 with infection, trauma or tissue necrosis
- possible adhesion btw perivaginal tissue and adjecent organs (e.g bladder)
- peritonitis: present or imminent
- chronic form: poor prognosis --> euthanasia
replacement:
- Preop: epidural, cleaning, sugar (reduce local edema)
- operative tecniques:
1. flessa Method:
- pierce vulva with pins with spacers on both sides
- leave ventr. 1/3 intact to keep urination undisturbed
2. Buhner method:
- Buhner needle and antibiotic soaked tape
- Hoodie...
3. lacing of the vulva with matress sutures
(vertical or horizontal)
- encircle vertically placed quills of rubber tubing
4. Saslick's method:
- closure of the vulvar lips with vertical mattress suture
- Complications
54
64. Non – infectious hoof diseases in cattle
1. laminitis: acute, subacute, chronic (--> Slipper foot)
- Suvacute rumen acidosis (SARA)
- heat stress
- calving
- hard flooring
2. Sole ulcer
- trauma
- weak/injured solar horn
3. white line disease
- hindlegs are thrust outwards when walking
4. toe necrosis
- tiptoing
- block on sound claw +/-
5. Heel erosion
6. Morphological defects
7. Hard/soft feet
55
65. Treatment of arthritis ad traumatic injuries of the hoof in cattle
1. Septic arthritis in dist. interphalangeal joint
- from trauma, sandcracks usually
- acute: rarely diagnosed it tim to treat
Conservative: AB, lavage, DIP arthrotomy
surgery if chronic: claw amputation, resection of joint
2. Septic arthritis PIP:
- Primarily from trrauma
- lavage, resection of PIP, amputation
3. non-sterile trauma
- foreign body, pedal osteomyelitis
4. sterile trauma
- luxation or trauma
5. degenerative diseases of DIP
56
87. infectious skin disesses of swine
- NB: Foot and mouth disease, CSF, ASF
1. swine pox- suipox
2. Porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome -PCV-2
3. exudative epidermitis/greasy pig disease
- staph. hyicus
4. Ear necrosis -secondary: S.hyicus
5. miscellaneous infectious dermatitis
- skin lesion in connection to systemic disease
- paracitic dermatitis
- fungal dermatitis
57
88. Non infectious skin diseases of pigs
1. Thrombocytopaenic purpura - type 2 hypersensitivity
2. parakeratosis - Zn deficiency
3. Miscellaeous non-infectius diseases:
- sunburn
- food allergy
- stachybotrytoxicosis
- photosensitizion
- injuries
- abcesses
58
89. Injection sites pig,
| - sample collection
1. IM, SC
2. Intravulvar inj. (PGFa, oxytocin)
3. IV : auricular, jugular, v. cava cran.
4. intraperitoneal: no sucking reflex: dextrone
5. per rectum: salt poisoning
6. intradermal
- Samples:
1. feces, blood, urine
2. oral fluids: mycoplasma, PRRS, SIV
3. swabing: nose, tonsils: Past. multocida
4. pharyngeal fluid
59
91. types of anesthesia in pigs
considerations:
1. lots of subcut fat (hyper, hypothermia)
2. Ø food, 6 or 12 h
3. stress
```
- Inhalation:
hard to intubate!
1. lung capasity
2. narrow glottis, long soft palate
3. laryngospasm is common
4. sharp teeth
5. wide opening of mouth = difficult
```
- lumbosacral epidural anesthesia:
1. castration, obstetrical or perineal surgery
2. patella --> vertical line ---> line cross the spine --->
2-3cm caudal
3. local skin infiltration needed
4. lidocaine (combo: xylazine)
Monitoring:
1. jaw tone
2. general muscle tone
3. ocular position, reflex
4. heart rate
5. mucous membr. colour
60
92. Drugs of anesthesia
Sedation, premedication:
1. azeperone: cheep, effective, licensed
- smaller dose in larger animals
- Ø use if cold --> peripheral vasodilation --> cardiovasculare collapse
2. Acepromazine
- used alone or with ketamine
- NB hypotension, heat loss
3. Diazepam, midazolam:
- piglets: intranasal or rectal
- midazolam (best): in combo with ketamine
4. Xylazine:
- less potent in pigs, than cow, eq
- Ø used alone! + ketamine +/- butorphanol
5. detomidine (like 4)
6. medetomidine
- field anesthesia: + ketamine, +/- butorphanol
7. romifidin:
- + ketamine, +/- butorphanol
Induction, mantainance:
1. Etomidate
- Ø licensed but can be used
- combo: with diazepam or midazolam
2. Thiopental:
- only 1 dose can be given in the life of the pig!
- NB postoperative excitement
3. ketamine:
- best option (IV or IM)
- combo: diazepam or midazolam (prevents seizures)
61
93. Teasing boars:
- estrus detection
- best: sexually mature young virgin boards
- Procedures:
1. vasectomy: vas deferens is ligated, section removed
2. epididymectomy: tail of epidydimis: ligated/resected
3. preputial translocation
4. penopexy: part of pemis removed
5. preputial block
6. hormones: females and castrated boars
62
94. main features of boar ejacutate
Volume of ejaculate (average in one ejaculation):
o 200 ml, around 50 ml is abnormally low, and up to 500 ml being very high
- Number of sperm cells per ejaculate:
o Up to 50-60 billion
- Number of sperm cells in one AI dosage
o Around 2-4 billion
- Number of AI doses per ejaculate
o 20-30 doses
- Frequency of sperm collection o Max. 2 times a week
63
94. Methods for collecting boar semen
1. artificail vagina
2. gloved hand method
3. lectroejaculator
4. boar training
5. US-bag method
64
95. Age of puberty in boars
- "on farm" use of boars
- proper "on farm" boar:sow ratio
- puberty of boars: 7,7-11 months (more than gilts 6-8)
- mating freqiency: 2X a week
- Boar sow ratio: 25 sows oer boar in AI or in natural mating 1-5 sows per boar
- semen quality check
- exact mating record should be keept (date of insemination, semen dosage, father boar etc.)
65
96. most frequent morphological defects of boar semen and diagnostic methods
- macroscopic & microscopic exam
1. detached head
2. abnormal head
- central AI; Ø used, farm: 2% tolerated
3. abnormal acrosome
- bigger problem than head abnormality = discarded
4. abnormal tail
5. abnormal midpiece
6. prox. cytoplasmic droplets
- mature sperm cells in pigs don't have cytoplasmid droplets
- as the perm matures the cytoplasmid croplets will move distally and ten dissapear
7. dist cytoplasmic droplets
- diagnostic methods:
1. in Burker chambers under microscope with heated plate
2. conc. with photometry
3. spermac pr eosin nigrosine (live-dead diff. staining)
4. CASA: computer assisted sperm analysis
5. fluorescent dye
6. flow cytometry
66
97. mating behaviour and symptoms of heat in swine
| difference of gilts and sows
```
Mating behaviour:
• Head-to-head contact
• Sniffing & nosing
• Mounting attempts
• Standing reaction copulation
```
Differences of gilts & sows:
• Sows generally ovulate during the last half of their oestrous period, gilts ovulate sooner. This implies that gilts should be mated immediately following detection of oestrus, then 12 and 24 hours later, if still in standing heat.
• A sow is a female that has reproduced. A gilt is a female that has not reproduced.
• Sows should be moved into the shed at least 3–4 days before farrowing, while gilts should be allowed 5–7 days to become accustomed to their new environment
67
98. method of searching for gilts and sows in heat
```
Heating detection
• Head to head contact (proestrus)
• Sniffing and nosing
• Mounting attempts
• Standing reaction – copulation (estrus)
```
Vulva (heat) symptoms
- reddening: Proestrus
- Reddening and swelling (standing reflex): estrus
Standing reflex
Apply pressure to the back and flanks of the female pig; do this at the same time as renewed boar presence. Receptive females will stand rigid, and ears often prick up. ~10 min, 45 to 60 min later try again Back check even after synch.
68
99. synchronization methods, estrus induction
```
Syncronization of sows:
Synchronization + programmed AI Sows
o 4 week long suckling
o Weaning o 24 h later eCG
o 72 later hCG/GnRH
o 24-26 h post hCG/GnRH 1st AI
o 38-40 h post hCG/GnRH 2nd AI
```
```
Synchronization of pubertal pigs:
Synchronization + programmed AI Gilts
o 15 d altrenogest application po. o 25 h later eCG im. o 78-80 h later hCG/GnRH im o 24-26 h post hCG/GnRH 1st AI
o 38-40 h post hCG/GnRH 2nd AI
o Dosage depends on breed!
```
```
Induction of ovulation
• GnRH application – stimulates LH secretion
OR
• hCG application – simulates the LH
Sows – 72 h post eCG
Gilts - 78 to 80 h post eCG
```
69
101. reproductive management at the pig farm
```
Reproductive management
• Proper rearing of breeding gilts
• Proper regrouping of gilts
• Searching for gilts in heating, estrous synch.
• AI with ‚on farm’ or purchased semen
• Farrowing
• Weaning
• Rearing
• AI of multiparous sows
```
70
102. Most frequent disturbances of sexual maturation in gilts. ’On farm’ diagnostic methods and methods of prevention/therapy
- Cyclic disorders during sexual maturation
1. infantile ovary:
Gilts → young female, if not in hear in the first 6 months she’s not good for breeding
2. juvenile ovary:
Different mixture of eCG and hCG can induce ovulation in juvenile ovaries but later on breeding won’t happen (one pregnancy works, afterwards not anymore)
3. AI or mating at 1st heating (2nd or 3rd, optimal weight – 60% of adult at least)
o Insemination at first heat → bad result
4. Silent heat → proper heat detection is required
o Mostly based on wrong heat detection
o Young animals have weaker heat symptoms
5. Housing technology:
o Good housing: Max. size of group 8-10 pigs (hierarchy develops) → sexual maturation progresses normally
6. Feeding – fattening feed ad libitum, low protein content
7. Microoestrogens, Fusarium toxins
– ovarian cysts (small, large multiplex) → always sample food at any stage
8. Using fattening sows instead of breeding gilts (more expensive) → bad because feeding is different (feeding has a strong effect at the beginning of the breeding age), need different feed, ad libitum feeding is not good for breeding sows
• LONG LIFESPAN PRODUCTION NEEDED
71
103. Pregnancy diagnosis in pigs:
1. visual method: looking at oig or ultrasoud
2. endocrine: maternal or embryonal hormones
3. exactly registerede Al time
4. morula, blastocyst - E2 production
5. P4- high conc. in the next follicular phase= Ø pregn.
6. palpation- uterine artery
7. histological sample from vagina (Ø really used)
72
104. implantation of farrowing unit. Traditional and modern farrowing buildings
- most expensive part
- 4-7 days before expected term
- all inn- all out --> cleaning sand disinfection
- straw ---> preparation of nest
- sows in stocks to protect the piglets from laying down
- light digestible food, small doses, water supply!
- daily check of manure ---> metabolic problems
73
105. farrowing synchronization aim/method
- labour management aspect
- max 2-3 days before expected term
- PGF2a: IM ---> farrowing 24h after
- oxytocin: more precise, but more risky
74
106. phases of farrowing:
1st phase: preparation
- milk letdown
- eat less
- restless
- hard abd. wall, lat. position
- body temp. slightly reduced
- cervical opening, reddening of vulva, amniotic fluid
- --> 15 to farrowing
2nd. phase: birth
- frequent contractions
- piglets from uterine horn in 10-30 min
- total farrowing: 2-8h
- piglets to the teat
3rd phase: final phase
- birth of placenta in 1-5h
- lochia --> 1-2d
- begining of involution
- Piglet care
75
107. cesarean section in sow (indications, anesthesia, preparation)
Indication:
1. relative and/or absolute large fetuses
2. emphysematous fetuses: NB toxic shock!
3. fetal monsters
4. laceration of the vaginal canal
5. disturbed uterine contractions
6. specific patogen-free pigs
- Prognosis:
Good: summer within 6h, winter: 12
bad: over 12h, toxic shock, fetus is dead
Anesthesia:
- IV: light sedation to remove piglets, then deeper to suture + local anaesthesia
- lumbosacral epidural + local anesthesia
- sedation and premed.: aseperone
- induction: ketamine + seduxen or midazolam
- catheterization & maintainace: ketamine inj. + seduxen or midazolam + 2L salsol in ear vein
Preparations:
1. clip
2. 3x iodophor scrub
3. 3x disinfectant spray
4. if using field block anesthesia, infuse the area
76
108. cesarian section: from laoarotomy to aftercare
Laporotomy:
1. vertical skin inc.
2. grasp peritoneum with foreceps and puncture
3. incise it carefully
4. locate bifurcation of uterus
5. logit. inc on greater curvature
6. grasp featus
7. deliver all pighets
8. keep moist during procedure
9. remove placenta if loose
```
suturing:
- 2 layers seromuscularly
lembert or cushing
10. final check for piglets
11. position uterus normaly
- 3 layer skin suture: peritoneum, muscle, skin
```
```
Aftercare:
- intrauterine tablets
- PGF2a inj. IM
- long lasting AB (2-3d)
uterine involution: oxytocin
NSAIDs: ketoprofen, meloxicam
- remove skin sutures: 14-21 d after
```
77
109. Uterine and cervical prolapse in swine
Uterus:
1. 2-3h after birth
2. partially/completely turns innside out
3. blood vessels often rupture
4. ovary and oviduct collapses into uterine horns
5. collapsed uterus protrudes from vulva after farrowing
- Prognosis: very poor = euthanasia is best
- replacement:
1. if not completely prolapsed
2. sedation: wait 20min
3. clean towwel/sheeth
4. clean surface
5. raise sow by hindlegs
6. drain bladder
Cervix:
- Happens before farrowing
- supportive tissue of cervix becomes weak
- predisposing factors: pregnancy/abdominal pressure
Procedure:
- restrain the sow
- local anesthesia
- horizontal mattress suture: leave the tape (soaked in AB) and remove before farrowing
- before farrowing create-> wooden floor -> elevate at least 15cm
- after farrowing suture again
- waster weaning: cull the sow
78
113. phases of puerperium in sow
Puerferium:
- time from delivery of placenta through the first few weeks after delivery
- 28-40 days, until cyclic function is in place and the sow can get pregnant again
- heat: 4-5 days after weaning (28d weaning)
Involution
• Lactation (synthesis & secretion of milk) against ovarian activity
• Myometrial contractions → Exit placenta (Lochia with tissue residues & fluid) , vessels under compression , rapid reduction of length & diameter (Oxytocin = ↑ contractions)
• Susceptibility (Gate for pathogens) → Uterine tract infection (UTI)
Common post-partum diseases
• Post-partum dysgalactiae syndrome (PPDS):
o Similar to metritis (inflammation of the Udder)
o characterized by the insufficient colostrum/milk production
o diagnosed with >39.5-degree rectal temperature within 12-24 hrs post-partum
o Clinical signs → redness , edema , palpable hardening or skin congestion
• Locomotory diseases
• UTI diseases → Gate for pathogens
79
112. most importasnt disturbances in the farrowing unit
1. birthing problems
2. not enough milk production
3. agression of sow
4. too many pigglets, compared to teats
5. nutritional problems
6. dead newborns, spayleg, mummificastion, stillbirth
7. parvovirus inf.
8. other pathogens.: E.coli, E. rhusiopathiae, ASF, fusarium toxin, aspergillus fungi
9. hygiene problems
10. prolapse
80
113. caring for newborn piglets
- umbilical hemorrage
- artificial feeding
- iron supplemetation
umbilical hemorrage
- occurs at birth
- bleeding --> anemia ---> death
- treatment: clamping ca 6mm from the skin
artificial feeding
- colostrum, milk powder, dextrose
- with sucking reflex: bottle feed
- no sucking reflex: stomach tube max 20ml every 2h
iron supplemetation: day 3
