Topics Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
who classified aged 18-25 as an emerging adult
A
jeffrey arnett
2
Q
what occurs during ages 18-25 as an emerging adult
A
the parent child relationship is re-evaluated
3
Q
who came up with the theory of attachment
A
John bowlby
4
Q
What is the theory of attachment
A
how early experiences in our life influence later adult functioning
5
Q
what are the types of attachment
A
secure
insecure:
resistant avoidant
6
Q
define secure attachment
A
having positive internal models to allow emotional regulation ability
7
Q
what are the stages of attachment
A
0-2 months = pre attachment
2-7 months attachment in the making
7-24 months clear cut attachment
24+ goal orientated attachment
8
Q
who came up with the sarges of attachment
A
john bowlby
9
Q
when does stranger anxiety develop
A
10 months
10
Q
when does separation distress occur
A
12 months
11
Q
what are the functions of attachment
A
exploration
autonomy
identity
12
Q
who studies monkeys to see what a child would want
A
harlow and harlow
13
Q
what did the monkeys in harlow and harlow mostly want
A
comfort
warmth
14
Q
what are the characteristics of attachment in young children
A
selective
physical proximity seeking
comfort and security
separation distress
15
Q
who studies different situations in attachment
A
ainsworth
16
Q
what is insecure avoidant attachment
A
infant avoids connections with caregiver
17
Q
what is insecure resistant attachment
A
child is upset by mother leaving
18
Q
who developed the internal working model
A
john bowlby
19
Q
what is the internal working model
A
relationship with primary care giver becomes a template for your future relationships and how you process the external world
20
Q
what is DSD
A
Disorder of sexual dysfunction - when the baby’s sex is ambiguous
21
Q
what are the parental influences on gender identity
A
role models
child parent interactions
gender appropriate toys
22
Q
when does a child acquire the concept of gender
A
around 2- 3 years
23
Q
when does a child develop a gender constancy
A
4-5 years
24
Q
are the differences in cognitive abilities between boys and girls
A
no - similar intelligence and cognitive abilities
25
what is the gender similarities hypothesis
we are more similar that thought but we are given stereotypes
26
what determines gender
parental hormones
development of genitalia
parents assign as female / male
27
what is cognition
mental process by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used
28
who came up with the framework of cognitive development
paiget
29
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor
pre-operational (2-7 years)
concrete operational - logical manner
formal operational - basis of adult thinking
30
when do you develop conservation of mass / volume
2-7 the pre=operational stage
31
what is centration
focusing attention on one characters to the exclusion of all others
32
what is a schema
a concept or framework that organises and interprets information
33
what is assimilation
how we use existing schemas to process and interpret new information
34
what is accommodation
when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas
35
what is IQ
intelligence quotient
mental age/chronological age x 100
36
how is IQ measured
WAIS Wechsler adult intelligent scale
| verbal and perfomance IQ
37
what are the new approaches to IQ
using emotional intelligence as well or instead
38
what is comissurotomy
split brain operation, often used for epilepsy treatment
39
What is cerebral lateralisation
different sides of the brain are used for different things
40
what does a proficient user of language have
syntax
semantics
phonology
pragmatics
41
what is phonology
the study of the sound system of language
42
what is semantics
meaning of words
43
what is syntax
the logical order of words to make sentences
44
what is pragmatics
the social use of language and its context
45
when are you pre-linguistic
0-12 months
46
when do babies cry
3 - 4 weeks
47
when do babies coo
3-5 weeks
48
when do babies start babbling
3-4 months
49
what is echolalia
repetition of words
50
when does a child learn the appreciation of meaning of a word
8-12 months
51
when does a child use telegraphic speech and what is it
8-24 months
| 2 word utterances
52
what are the theories of language acquisition
skinner vs chomsky
53
what does skinner propose for language acquisition
language is learnt through progressive reinforcement
54
what does chomsky assert about language acquisition
universal grammar theory
all language is innate and that we have a language acquisition device
55
what did lenneberg 1976 mean by the innateness hypothesis
there is a critical periods where you can learn language and it cannot be learned outside of this period
56
what is aphasia
loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage
57
what are the types of aphasia
BEA - broca's expressive aphasia
WRA - wernickes receptive aphasia
58
what is perception
the process of organising and interpreting sensory information
59
what is adaption effect in perception
fading and presence of negative after images as you adapt to a new stimulus
60
what is the drive from bottom up perception
sensory
61
what us the drive from top down perception
driven by knowledge and experience
62
what is depth perception
using binocular perception and monocular cues reflect learning
63
what is Gesalt or whole perception
when an object is viewed individually of its features rather than as a whole being/ mechanism
64
what is the door perception by Huxley
we filter things out to not overwhelm the brain - sensory limitations
65
what did rosenhan study do
being sane in insane places
66
how do we know where are altered states of consciousness
reports of subjective experiences - mind body dualism
| subjective vs objective
67
what is the hard problem of consciousness by chalmers
how do we get a objective experience from the brain
68
what do psychoactive drugs do
alter thinking perception and memory
69
what are the two forms of mediation
concentrative
| on point
70
what is hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness
71
what is monitoring in consciousness
you have intentional blinds - you only experience what you want to experience
72
what is the stroop effect
reading the words instead of saying the colour - thought suppression
73
how many people belie that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
40% of people
74
what is core sleep
first 5 hours of sleep
75
what is additional sleep
any time past the first core 5 hours
76
what is circadian rhythm
the biological clock
| regular biological rhythms that occur over a 24 hour period
77
what is ultradian rhythm
biological rhythem less than 24 hours
78
what was the bunker study
we had a circadian rhythm of 25 hours
79
what happens if you don't get enough sleep
2% loss of productivity chronic and immediate health problems
80
who designed a sleep report
mckinsey
81
do we have a reduction in sleep
yes
as well get old we lose more of REM
later in life we lose 3 and 4 stages
82
what is the mean duration of sleep
7.75 hours
83
which stage of sleep do owe dream and which is more potent
we can dream in any stage
2 x more likely to dream in REM
6x longer and more vivid
84
how many people are affected by insomnia
1/3 of total population
85
what are the three stages of memory
encoding
storage
retrieval
86
who came up with the multi storey memory model
baddeleys
87
what is the multi store model of memory
1 sensory store
2 short term
3 long term which has three departments
88
what is the serial position curve
given a list of words where you exhibit the primary and recency effect
89
what is echoic memory
auditory sensory memory
90
what is iconic memory
visual sensory memory
91
what are the types of long term memory
episodic
procedural
semantic
92
what is episodic memory
personal events - autobiographical
93
what is somatic memory
facts and general knowledge
94
what is procedural memory
unconsioucess recall - learned skills etc
95
what is eidetic memory
photographic memory
96
what is synaethesia
sensation from one sense which is perceived by another
| using two senses for the same thing
97
what is hyperthmesia
where you can remember everything
98
what are the types of associative learning
classical / operational conditioning
99
what did skinner believe with associative learning
operant conditioning
100
what is operant conditioning
learning that a particular stimulus produces a positive action
101
what is classical conditioning
a learning where you link two or more stimuli together where you begin to anticipate events
learning through association
102
what is acquisition
the phase of classical conditioning when the conditional stimulus and the unconditional stimulus are present together
103
what is spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response
104
what did Garcia and Knelling study
learned taste aversions
feeling sick after a previous experience
ie feeling nauseas before chemotherapy
105
what is the law of effect
behaviours that are followed by favourable consequences are easier to learn and more likely to occur and vice versa
106
what is primary reinforcement
doesn't require any from of learning - it is unconditioned such as drinking water or eating food
107
what is secondary reinforcement
where a stimulus is used to strengthen a set of behaviours through association with primary such as earning money to get food
or a bell before a dog sits
108
what is social reinforcement
a smile or acceptance from other from a behaviour or action
109
what is positive reinforcement
reinforcing a behaviour with a positive stimulus so it will happen again
such as giving a treat after a dog sits
110
what is negative reinforcement
something is removed as a result of bad behaviour so it won't happen again
ie taking a ps3 away after being naughty
111
what is chaining in operant conditioning
complex behaviours first have to be broken into parts and each behaviour is reinforced by the opportunity to do the next
112
what is continuous reinforcement
the reinforcement occurs every time
113
what is partial reinforcement
reinforcement only occurs some of the time
114
what is fixed partial reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after the same amount of time has passed
115
what is variable partial reinforcement
different amount of times passes before each reinforcement
116
what is ratio reinforcement
reinforcements made after a ratio of correct responses
117
what is interval reinforcement
same number of outcomes pass between each reinforcement
118
what is positive punishment
adding a stimulus to stop a behaviour from happening
119
what is a negative stimulus
removing a stimulus to stop a behaviour from happening
120
what is the looking glass self
how we think others see us
121
which domain of self competence is most linked to self esteem
physical appearance
122
who came up with the social comparison theory
festinger
| we compare ourselves to other
123
what is the function of social comparison theory
we validate our own attitudes and behaviours based on others
124
what is the lake wobegon effect
the tendency to overestimate ones own capability and see your self better than others
125
when do we develop a self-concept
visual concept by 2 years
126
what is ego centrism
to be concerned above all others by our own values and beliefs
three mountain problem
127
when do we acquire own beliefs and feelings
around 4 years
128
what are the there stages of stereotyping
identify groups
notice differences
assign features and generalise
129
what is a cognitive miser
the tendency for people to always love problems in the easiest way possible despite level of intelligence
130
what is pain
unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
131
what are the 5 types of pain
```
physiological
sensory
affective
cognitive
behavioural
```
132
what is pain behaviours
when we say ouch and hold ourselves
133
who came up with the pain questionnaire
mcgill
134
how else can we rate pain
faces scales
| pain thermometer
135
what is decorates opinion on pain
it is a sensory experience reflex
136
who came up with gate control they of pain
mezlack and wall
137
what is the gate control theory
spinal cord is a gate opened by fast C fibres
| closed by stimulation pain beta fibres or reduction of pain stimulus
138
what drives bottom up process of pain
sensory stimulation
139
what is TENS
pain management
| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
140
what is phantom limb pain
pain felt in an area that has been amputated
141
who designed the virtual walking
moseley
142
what is the virtual walking
amputees watch themselves walk and has been shown to reduce pain
143
what are the different durations of pain
acute
phasic
chronic
144
what are different pain qualities
superficial
deep
referred
145
who studies the himalayan climbers
clarke and clarke - had different pain thresholds
146
what is the white coat halo
doctors are all knowing and powerful with all the control
147
what did milligram obedience authorities study say
nobody disobeys to authority
148
what occurred in the market research meeting, the MHRC encounter
there was a rebellion in the groups as it it 1 vs 9
149
what is lateness law of social impact
the impact we have is dependant on:
number
strength
immediacy
150
what isa group
collection of people with shared features
151
what is group influence
the influence that members have on productivity, decisions, attitudes and behaviour
152
what is social facilitation or inhibition
working with others can cause distraction
153
what is social loafing
people in a group exert less effort than they would individually
154
what is risky shift
groups make riskier decisions than an individual would
155
why do we help others
cultural norms
social responsibility
reciprocity norm
156
what is conformity
constructing and adhering to norms
157
what was the work done by solomon ash
who, why, conforms
| it is to avoid censure or ridicule
158
what is healthy
state of complete physical mental and social well being
159
what is the sick role
by parsons
| society gives people with a sick role when they have identified and accepted them ill
160
who came up with the common sense model of illness
self regulation theory
| by levethal et al
161
what are the stages of the common sense model
stage one = cognitive representations or emotional representations
stage two - coping
stage three - appraisal
162
what is illness affected by
```
persistence
attention
social mores
individual differences
mood
experience
```
163
what is adjusting to illness
it is a dynamic process after the inter response, you revise and then adapt
164
what is hornes belief about medicine, generally and specifically
specific - necessity and concerns
| general - harms and overuse
165
why don't people change their health behaviours
habit
motivations
maintenance - punishment/reward
intervention
166
what is the theory of planned behaviours
behaviours need to be changes
| links belief to behaviour
167
what is the intention behaviour gap
people develop explicit decisions to change their behaviour but do not actually do it
168
what is the dual process theory in health
deliberate and impulsive
169
what is the hobbit formation theory
they are automatically triggered actions formed through repetition
170
what is an impairment
a problem in body function or structure due to a physical loss or disease
171
what is the biochemical definition of disability
restriction of ability within normal range which leads to a social disadvantage
172
what is the casual pathway in disability
the defects cause the disability which causes the social disadvantage
173
what is the social model of disability
the barriers in society are what disable those with an impairment
174
what are the barriers to social models
environment
attitude
organisations
social barriers
175
what are stereotypes
oversimplified widely shared views which can lead to prejudice and discrimination
176
what does the equality act do
it protects characteristics
177
what is victimisation
to punish or treat someone less favourable
178
what are reasonable adjustments
public sector actions to make areas more accessible
179
what is quality of life
individuals judgement of overall life experiences of situations, experiences and perceptions
180
what are the 6 domains to QoL
```
physical health
psychological
level of independence
social relationship
relation to environment
personal beliefs
```
181
what is health related quality of life
functional effect of medical condition and its therapy assed by patient
182
what are the PROMS
patients reported outcomes measured
| - patients can report on how their surgery or treatment was
183
how do you measure QoL
informal - ask
PROMS
euroQoL - generic or can be disease specific
184
what are the APCA POS
african palliative care association outcome scale
| measure health outcomes to improve acre on an individual
185
what are the strategies we can use to make decisions
system 1/2
| heuristic or biases
186
what are the competes to decision making
```
goals
options
attributes
values
risks
outcomes
```
187
what are the types of decisions
certain
uncertain
risky
188
what is the classical decision theory
uses rational choice framework
189
what is EUT and who came up with it
expected utility theory
VON Neumann and morgansterns
what people choose and how risky the decisions depending on their values
190
what are the assumptions made for rational decision making
people -
are motivated to follow rules
have completed knowledge of all opinions
representations of options risks and benefits are accurate
know what their values are
values are stable
191
what did simon do for decision making
choose satisfying criterion and match with best option
192
what did Tversky think about decision making
you choose attributes and trade off
| elimination by aspects
193
what is the Heuristic view of decision making
use rule of thumb
| broadly accurate
194
what is system 1 decision making
intuitive experience - fast, subconscious
195
what is system 2 decision making
deliberate and analytical
| evaluate pros and cons
196
what is informed decision making
looking at pros/cons
evaluate own values
trade off to make choices
197
how do people make bad decisions
miss information
biased judgement
don't add more to counter
198
what are three errors of diagnosis by Graber et al
no fault - silent disease no known maybe due to poor data
system errors
cognitive errors such as being human
199
what is croskerry dual process model of diagnostic reasoning
explanation for diagnostic error
200
what is the biological model of health
Locates cause of disease in individual
- Health is a biological process
- Focus on genetics and clinical risk factors
- Highlight risk behaviours and individual behavioural change
201
what is the social model of health
Located cause of disease in relation ship between individual and society
- Health is a social construct
- Focus on social structures and risk factors
- Highlights social change
202
what are the 7 indicators of poverty and deprivation
dirty water
2. lack of sanitation
3. lack of shelter
4. poor nutrition and insufficient calories
5. lack of essential medical and maternity care
6. no access to education
7. information deprivation
203
what is absolute poverty
```
condition where household income is insufficient to afford basic necessities of life
- food
- shelter
- clothing
meet at least 2 un indicators
w
```
204
what is relative poverty
condition where household income is a certain percentage below median income country
205
what is human agency
capacity to act independently and make and impose choices
206
what did pierre bodies habitus do
how social order and status can be maintained across generations - dynamics of power in society
207
what is intersectionality
interlocking systems of power have a compounded impact
208
what is inequality
systematic difference in distribution of power resources and opportunity in a social system
209
what is the rainbow model
determinants of health that age
| sex and contitutional factors are at the centre of it all
210
what is mental health
sense of well being
| it is subjective emotional state
211
what are the components of emotion
```
subjective experience
internal bodily responses
thought action tendencies
facial expression
cognitive appraisal
```
212
what are the basic emotional states according to Ekman and Friesan
```
happiness
sadness
fear
anger
surprise
disgust
contempt
```
213
what did Homan do with emotions
interviewed patients with spinal injuries and how their changes in intensity of experiences before and after have changed
214
what did woman et al study with emotions
how HR changes is associated with change sin fear/anger
| with small increases in temperature
215
what is pattern theory by james lange
a theory of emotion - what you encounter causes specific physiological arousal and overt behaviours lead to experience emotions
216
what is the cognitive theory by Shachter and Singer
a theory of emotion - what you encounter causes general physiological arousal which leads to cognitive appraisal
217
what else did Shachter and Singer study with emotions
3 stage experiment
- inject adrenaline / saline
given none/wrong/correct info on the reaction
record experience
218
what are the appraisal theories of emotion
emotions are mostly appraised responses to events
ie if something desirable happens = happiness
undesirable = sadness
219
what do facial expression allow
communicate emotion
survival of species
universal meaning
subjective to experience
220
What did Ekman study with cross cultural judgements
different culture use similar expression for emotion
221
what does the theory of mind deficits and autism say
it is possible to teach facial expression recognition
222
what does the amygdala do
sense and process fear
223
what occurs in bilateral damage to brain with emotions
failure to recognise fear from facial expression
224
what are the social learning approaches of acquisition and regulation
imitation via observational learning modelling
| reinforcement - reward/punishment
225
what is bandora in emotion
imitative aggressioni - children are influenced more by live model than viewing a cartoon
226
who is most at risk to violent TV
under 9's especially under 5
227
when is child parent dental fear most evident
8 years old
228
what evidence is there for positive psychology
happy people have better life outcomes marriage friendship income health
229
who said that happens predicts longevity in health populations
Lyubomirsky et al
| Veenhoven
230
what did seligman say about positive psychology
if you have a pleasant life and meaningful life you are happy
231
what is stress
subjective sensations
headache nausea fatigue muscle tension
response to physiological emotion stimulus
232
what did heroes dodson graph say about arousal and performance
medium stress (eustress) there is an optimal level of performance where you feel energises, focused and work feels effortless
when you are calm you are bored but see imporvenemt
too stressed you fatigue and have breakdowns
233
what is the general adaptation syndrome of stress by selye
time is divided by three
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
produce amount of ach until stress completely disappears - your levels correlate to stress levels
234
who studied psychoimmunology
cohen et al - the depression of immune system function because of stress
235
what are the psychological reactions to stress
cognitive impairment - concentration
anger - frustration
depression - apathy
anxiety - acute stress disorder
236
what is PTSD
natural emotional response to deeply shocking and disturbing experiences
237
what are the key features to PTSD
repeated re-living of traumatic event
| survivor guilt
238
what was piper alpha
people destroyed in fire many dead
survivor followed up 10 years late 21% had PTSD
hull et al
239
who did the social readjustment scale
holmes and rahe
240
what are hassles and uplifts
hassels - relatively minor delay experiences which are potentially harmful or threatening
uplifts - positive events
lazarus and folman
241
what did protheore et al study regarding breast cancer
retrospective: 3000 people with breast cancer - malignancies are not associated with difficult life events
242
what did cooper and farther study according to breast cancer
malignancy was associated with single major event that happened in life
243
what is type A behaviour
doing multiple things at once
hurrying speech of others
irritated when waiting in line
244
what is type A behaviour a risk factor of
heart disease 2x more risk
245
what can later adjustments of type A behaviour have
mixed outcome but if related to coronary atherosclerosis can survive
246
what are the main components of Cornish programme
diet
exercise
stress management
group support
247
what is the ACE pyramid
how adverse childhood experiences influence health and wellness being through lifespan
