Topik 2

Question 1

Define skeletal system

Answer 1

Skeletal system is generally supporting body weight

It works together with muscle to maintain body position, produce controlled, precise movement

Question 2

Give 4 primary function of skeletal system

Answer 2

Support
Storage
Protection
Leverage

Question 3

Explain structure of bone

Answer 3

Have 2 types, macroscopic bone and microscopic bone

Macroscopic has 2, general shape and bone tissue

Microscopic - lacunae, lamellae

Question 4

Explain function of support

Answer 4

Structural support for entire body

Question 5

Explain function of storage

Answer 5

Bone store energy reserve as lipid in area filled with yellow marrow

Question 6

cells production

Answer 6

Known as hematopoiesis, produce within red marrow

Question 7

Function of protection

Answer 7

Protect soft tissue and organs, for ex rib to protect heart and lung
Skull to protect brain

Question 8

Function of leverage

Answer 8

Lever that change magnitude or direction of force generated by skeletal muscle

Question 9

Give 3 primary bone cells and their function

Answer 9

Osteocytes - mature bone cells, maintain bone structure

Osteoclasts - large cells, responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone tissue

Osteoblasts - responsible for formation of new bone known as osteogenesis

Question 10

2 pattern of bone development

Answer 10

Intramembranous ossification - from a fibrous membrane

Endochondral ossification - by replacing hyaline cartilage

Question 11

Defined muscular system

Answer 11

-Is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle
-permit movement of the body,maintain posture,circulate blood throughout the body
-their function is contractibility

Question 12

Primary function of the muscular system

Answer 12

Produce movement of the body
Maintain posture/body position
Support soft tissue
Maintain body temperature
Guards entrance and exits

Question 13

Describe the structure of muscle tissue

Answer 13

Epimysium - superficial
Perymisium - middle
Endomysium - deeper

Muscle- muscle fibre bundle- muscle fibre- myofibril- myofilaments

Question 14

To occur muscle contraction there must be a..

Answer 14

Neural stimulus
Must be a calcium in muscle cell
ATP must be available for energy

Question 15

Explain about thick filaments and thin filaments

Answer 15

Thick filaments - composed of myosin and its cross-bridges

Thin filaments - composed of actin and its associated with troponin and tropomyosin

Question 16

Explain about sliding and gliding mechanism

Answer 16

When sarcomere shorten, thick and thin filaments slide past one another, its called sliding filaments theory

Question 17

What stage of sliding filaments theory

Answer 17

1- muscle activation
2- Muscle contraction
3- recharging
4- relaxation

Question 18

Explain about muscle activation

Answer 18

Motor nerve stimulates impulse to pass down a neuron to neuromuscular junction. And its stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium to give to the muscle cell

Question 19

Explain about muscle contraction

Answer 19

calcium bind with troponin
its allow myosin and actin to bind
contract using ATP as energy

Question 20

What is muscle recharging?

Answer 20

ATP re-synthesised to allow actin and myosin to maintain their strong binding

Question 21

What is muscle relaxation?

Answer 21

stimulation of nerve stops.
calcium pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
breaking the link between myosin and actin.
ATP is no longer available.

Question 22

Explain muscle control

Answer 22

Muscle fibers controlled by single motor neuron called motor unit.
When motor unit more involve in muscle, the movement will be more fine and smooth.
If we perform specific movement such as shoulder flexion, a specific group of motor neuron within spinal cord are stimulated .
Contraction begin with smallest motor units and it’s gradually increase

Question 23

What is motor control?

Answer 23

-posses a nervous system
- to control movement, nervous system must integrate sensory information and contract muscle
-its include reflexes

Question 24

What is muscle fatigue?

Answer 24

Skeletal muscle can no longer contract, cause by
- exhaustion of energy reserves, -decrease blood flow,
-ion imbalance,
- accumulation of acid lactic
Muscle contraction use ATP at /below maximum rate of mitocondrial