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Topoc 1 The nature And Variety Of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What characteristics do all living organisms share?

A

They move, respire, respond to their surroundings, they grow and develop, reproduce, excrete waste , require nutrition and they control their internal conditions

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2
Q

What common features do plants have?

A

There are multicellular organisms, their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis, the cells store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose, their cells have cellulose cell walls

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3
Q

What do animals store carbs as?

A

They often store carbohydrates glycogen.

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4
Q

What common features do fungi have?

A

They don’t carry out photosynthesis; their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from hyphae that contain many nuclei; some fungi are single celled; the store carbohydrate is glycogen, cell walll is chitin

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5
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition?

A

Fungi feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products

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6
Q

What’s a fungi cell wall is made of?

A

Chitin

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7
Q

What are common features of protoctists?

A

They microscopic single cell organisms some have features like animal cells whilst some have chloroplasts and more like plants

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8
Q

Examples of plants

A

Maize, peas or beans

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9
Q

Examples of animals

A

Mammals eg humans, insects eg house fly and mosquitoes

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10
Q

Examples of fungi

A

Mucor has typical structure and yeast is single celled

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11
Q

Examples of protoctists

A

Amoeba has animal cell like features, chlorella is more plantlike, a pathogenic example is plasmodium

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12
Q

What are the common features of bacteria?

A

They are microscopic single celled organisms they have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and plasmids. They don’t have a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA, some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off of other living or dead organisms.

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13
Q

Examples of bacteria

A

Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a rod shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk and pneumococcus, a spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia

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14
Q

What does the term pathogen mean?

A

Pathogens are organisms that cause disease

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15
Q

What can pathogens be?

A

Pathogens may include fungi, bacteria, protists or viruses

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16
Q

Describe common features of viruses

A

They are not living organisms; they are small particles then bacteria; they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells. They infect every type of living organism. They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes. They have no cellular structure but I have a protein coat and contain one type of nuclear acid either DNA or RNA

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17
Q

Examples of viruses

A

The tobacco mosaic virus that causes discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts , the influenza virus that causes flu and the HIV virus that causes AIDS

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18
Q

What organelles are in an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm

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19
Q

What structures are in plant cells?

A

Nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast, permanent vacuole

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20
Q

Function off the mitochondria

A

Site of respiration and releases energy

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21
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Controls the cells activities and contains DNA

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22
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Site of protein synthesis

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23
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Site of chemical reactions

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24
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Controls what enters and exits cells

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25
Cell wall function
Gives cell structure and supports
26
Vacuole function
Store of cell sap
27
Chloroplast function
Site of photosynthesis
28
What is diffusion?
Movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down a concentration gradient) this is due to the random movement of particles and it’s a passive process
29
What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
1. Decreasing the diffusion pathway 2. Increasing the concentration gradient 3. Increasing the temperature 4. Smaller particles
30
What is active transport?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration using energy (ATP)
31
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high water potential through an area of low water potential via apartially partially permeable membrane. osmosis is passive and does not require energy .
32
Accuracy
Equipment
33
Reliability
Repeats
34
Validity
Control variables
35
Word and symbol equation for respiration?
Glucose+ oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water. C6 H12O6+6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
36
What is ATP and why is it important?
ATP is the energy currency of the cell produced in respiration to fuel cell processes.
37
Anaerobic respiration in animals
Glucose -> lactic acid
38
Anaerobic respiration in yeast and plants ?
Glucose-> ethanol + carbon dioxide
39
How alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
Large surface area, moist rules, one cell thick, high concentration gradient maintained by good blood flow
40
How to increase the effectiveness of an exchange surface?
Having a lot of surface area, having a thin wall to keep a short diffusion distance, maintaining a steep concentration gradient, high temperature
41
How is atp released
In aerobic respiration
42
Where does gas exchange occur in plants?
In the stomata in the leaves through diffusion
43
Leaf adaptions for gas exchange?
Broad so large surface area for diffusion, thin so short diffusion distance, air spaces allow gases to easily move to all cells, lots of stomata, plants can control the opening and closing of stomata using the guard cells
44
Inhaling
Diaphragm muscle contracts downwards, intercostal muscles contract, rib cage moves up and out, volume of lungs increases, pressure in lungs decreases, air moves into lungs
45
Exhaling
Diaphragm relaxes and rises into dome shape, intercostal muscles relax, rib cage moves down and then, volume of lungs decreases, pressure in the lungs increases, movement of air out of the lung
46
Smoking chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis, the tar and cigarettes damages and paralyses the cilia therefore bacteria buildup and chest infections come, the tar also irritates the lining encouraging more mucus to be produced which then can’t be cleared.
47
Emphysema
Emphysema smoke damages the alveoli walls they burst and fuse together. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange. The smoker is unable to carry out basic tasks like walking due to a lack of oxygen there is no cure.
48
Lung cancer smoking
Tobacco smoke and tar contain carcinogens which cause cells to mutate into cancerous tumours
49
What should a balanced diet include?
Carbohydrate, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre
50
Carbohydrate function
Short term energy
51
Protein function
Repair and growth
52
Lipids function 
Short-term energy storage 
53
Vitamin A function
Vision
54
Vitamin C function
Collagen, antioxidant
55
Vitamin D function
Promotes bone mineralisation (makes calcium and phosphorus available to blood that baths bones) assists in immune function
56
Calcium function
Strong bones and teeth
57
Iron function
Carries oxygen through the body
58
Water function
To carry substances around the body and replace lost water
59
Dietary fibre function
Age the movement of food through the gut (peristalsis)
60
What chemicals are present in carbohydrates?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
61
What chemical chemicals are present in proteins?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
62
What chemical chemicals are present and lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
63
Structure of protein
Chains of amino acid folded into compact shapes
64
Structure of lipids
Long fatty acids attached together to make long chains
65
Structure of starch and glycogen
Large molecules made up of simple sugar
66
What is the alimentary Canal?
The whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus .
67
What is the mouth function?
Chemical digestion occurs when the enzyme amylase in the saliva breaks down starch into maltose. Physical digestion occurs when the teeth break the food down into smaller chunks. This gives a large larger surface area for the enzymes to work.
68
What is the function of the oesophagus?
Muscular tube, which moves ingested food to a stomach through peristalsis .
69
Stomach
Mechanical digestion occurs as the muscular stomach turns up the food. The stomach wall secretes hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria to protect us from food poisoning. It also provides the optimum pH for pepsin. A ring of muscle holds the food in the stomach until it is ready to be released into the duodenum
70
How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?
Folded for larger surface area, villi, micro villi, good blood supply, thin walls, selectively permeable
71
Role of bile?
Produced in the liver stored in the gallbladder travels to the small intestine via the bile duct? While emulsifies fat droplets to form smaller droplets. This increases the surface area so lipase can break down the fat molecules easier boil alkaline and neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach in the small intestine to crest the ideal ph for lipase
72
Duodenum
Several enzymes added to the duodenum by the pancreas in the form of pancreatic juice. These include amylase, protease and lipase. Bile is also added.
73
Practical test for starch
Iodine yellow/brown to black/blue
74
Practical test for glucose
Glucose dissolved in water Benedict’s solution blue-> brick red after been in water bath
75
Practical test for protein
Biuret blue to lilac
76
Practical test for lipids
Add ethanol and an emulsion forms (emulsion test)
77
Where is amylase and maltose
amylase is produced in the saliva glands in the mouth and the pancreas and maltose is made in the walls of the small intestine amylase acts on food in the mouth and the small intestine and maltose acts in the small intestine .
78
Pepsin
Breaks down proteins into amino acids. Produced in stomach and acts in stomach
79
Trypsin
Proteins into amino acids produced in the pancreas acts in the small intestine
80
Amylase
Breaks down starch into maltose. Produced in the mouth and pancreas. Acts in the small intestine and mouth
81
Maltase
Breaks down maltose into glucose, produced int he pancreas released into the small intestine
82
Lipase
Produced in the pancreas, breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Biology (8 decks)

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