toptip Flashcards
what is cellular respiration and why is it important?
it’s an exothermic reaction which transfers energy from glucose and is continuously occurring in living cells
it’s important because most of the energy we need to function comes from glucose, and this is how it’s released
Why is respiration exothermic reaction?
It releases energy
What are the three ways energy is used in organisms
to build up larger molecules from smaller ones
Maintain body temperature
Muscular contraction for movement
aerobic:
aerobic respiration is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose. It is a continuous process in living organisms and occurs whenever there is enough oxygen. Specifically it occurs in the sub cellular structures of a cell called the mitochondria
aerobic respiration, word equation:
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + Water
C6H1206 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
anaerobic respiration:
Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is not enough oxygen. it occurs when cells cannot provide enough oxygen to tissues to keep up with the aerobic respiration is usually occurs for example when someone is exercising and cells can’t get enough oxygen to tissues to keep up with muscle contraction.
Word equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose = lactic acid
What are the two reasons which means that anaerobic respiration is not the preferred form of respiration
-because there’s no oxygen to oxidised glucose, that means there is an incomplete breakdown of glucose molecules and therefore this process is inefficient as not all that energy is being released
-The second problem is that lactic acid builds up and this has to be removed later, as it is toxic
why does the body sometimes result to anaerobic respiration?
when we exercise more intensely cellular respiration needs to occur at a higher and quicker demand provides the energy needed for muscular contraction to do this or breathing rate and volume increases. However, this requires energy as the tissue of the lungs ans heart needs to contract more frequently and intensely. Sometimes to keep up with demand sales have to start using anaerobic respiration.
how does the body get rid of lactic acid?
By reacting with oxygen oxygen debt as the more lactic acid buildup, the more oxygen needed to react with it to remove it.
The body does this, by carrying the lactic acid through the blood into the liver where it can react with oxygen be turned back into glucose
purpose of plant ions from soil
magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll and nitrate ions are needed to make proteins
plant defences
-physical: barrir eg.waxy cutical
-chemical: secreated eg.poisin
-mechanical: functional defence eg.thorns
how are monomaniacal antibodies made
inject an organsim/cell eg.mouse with antigens so WBC release B-cells these ar then isolatd and combined with a tumour cell to make a monoclonal antibody
why do we use b-cells
thy can produce antibodies for any particular antigen
which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood
right
where does blood eneter the heart
vena carva in the right atrium (deoxygenated)
pulmonary artery in the left atrium (oxygenated)
what carrys blood to the body
pulmanory atery in the right ventrical to lungs
aorta in the left ventricle to body
where are amalayse made
salivary glands,small intestine,pancreas
where are protease made
stomach,pancreas,small intestine
where are lipease amde
pancrease,small intestine
whate makes up blood
plasma
platelets
WBC
RBC
(
ions and sugar)
equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 602
physical and chemical barriers in humans
physical:
-skin
-littl hairs
-muscus in nose and alineing the trachea
-trachea have cillia
Chemical:
-hydrochloric acid in stomach
3 functions of WBC
phagosytosis:
-tracking pathogens and then binding and engulfing them
antitoxins:
-bind and counter act toxins
antibodies:
Antibodies are proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body. Produced by your immune system, antibodies bind to these unwanted substances in order to eliminate them from your system.
