Total Lab - Endocrine

Question 1

what lies directly above the optic chiasm?

Answer 1

pituitary gland

Question 2

What would the visual field defect be if the pituitary gland was enlarged?

Answer 2

bitemporal hemianopia

Question 3

what pituitary lobe is larger?

Answer 3

anterior

Question 4

which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

Answer 4

anterior

Question 5

what is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?

Answer 5

stores and releases hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

Question 6

histologically - which of the two pituitary lobes stains dark with H and E stain?

Answer 6

anterior

Question 7

histologically - which of the two pituitary lobes stains pale with H and E stain?

Answer 7

posterior

Question 8

in the anterior pituitary - what colour do acidophilic cells stain?

Answer 8

pink

Question 9

in the anterior pituitary - what colour do basophilic cells stain?

Answer 9

light purple

Question 10

in the anterior pituitary - what colour do chromophilic cells stain?

Answer 10

do not take up stain

therefore they look pale

Question 11

What are the secretory products of acidophils?

Answer 11

GH

prolactin

Question 12

What are the secretory products of basophils?

Answer 12

ACTH

MSH

TSH

FSH

LH

Question 13

neurosecretory cells are found in the posterior pituitary gland.

their main secretory products are:

Answer 13

oxytocin

vasopressin

Question 14

epinephrine

Answer 14

adrenaline

Question 15

What is the arterial blood supply of the pituitary gland?

branches of which artery? what are these branches?

Answer 15

internal carotid artery

superior hypophyseal artery

inferior hypophyseal artery

Question 16

the superior …….. artery enters into the surface of the ……… before breaking up into capillaries (the hypophysial portal system).

these capillaries then supply the ….. ……. ……..

Answer 16

hypophyseal

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary gland

Question 17

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

Answer 17

neurosecretory cells - through the infundibulum

Question 18

where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 18

in the neck anterior to the trachea

inferior to the larynx

Question 19

the thyroid gland is located between vertebral level ….. and ….

Answer 19

C5

T1

Question 20

the thyroid is also located between the thyroid cartilage and the … ……… ……

Answer 20

6th tracheal ring

Question 21

the isthmus lies opposite the ….. to ….. tracheal rings

Answer 21

2nd and 4th

Question 22

identify the three strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

Answer 22

sternohyoid

omohyoid

sternothryoid

Question 23

name the two nerves that supple the muscles of the vocal cords

Answer 23

recurrent laryngeal

external laryngeal

Question 24

where is the recurrent laryngeal in relation to the thyroid gland?

Answer 24

runs between the trachea and the oesophagus

Question 25

where is the external laryngeal in relation to the thyroid gland?

Answer 25

lies close to the superior thyroid artery

Question 26

from which major artery in the neck does the thyroid artery arise?

Answer 26

external carotid

Question 27

from which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

Answer 27

subclavian

Question 28

into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 28

internal jugular vein

Question 29

into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

Answer 29

internal jugular vein

Question 30

into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 30

brachiocephalic vein

Question 31

most lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into what group of lymph nodes?

Answer 31

the deep cervical group of lymph nodes

Question 32

the hormones of the thyroid gland are stored in cavities, surrounded by secretory cells. these make up a ........

Answer 32

follicle

Question 33

in histology: what type of cells do you see lining the follicle

Answer 33

secretory | cuboidal cell

Question 34

within the cavity of the follicle, the hormone bound to .a glycoprotein and is called a ........

Answer 34

colloid

Question 35

what colour does the colloid stain in an H and E stain?

Answer 35

pink

Question 36

clear/ parafollicular / c cells secrete what?

Answer 36

calcitonin

Question 37

what hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

Answer 37

thyroxin triiodothryoxine

Question 38

how many parathyroid glands do most people have?

Answer 38

4

Question 39

what is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

Answer 39

inferior thyroid arteries

Question 40

what is the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?

Answer 40

the veins draining the thyroid to the internal jugular veins

Question 41

what hormone is secreted from the parathyroid gland?

Answer 41

parathyroid hormone

Question 42

parathyroid hormone is released in response to what?

Answer 42

low serum calcium

Question 43

are the adrenal glands retro or intraperitoneal?

Answer 43

retroperitoneal

Question 44

each suprarenal gland has two parts:

Answer 44

cortex medulla

Question 45

embryologically what gives rise to the cortex of the adrenal glands

Answer 45

mesodermal epithelium

Question 46

embryologically what gives rise to the medulla of the adrenal glands

Answer 46

neuroectoderm

Question 47

where do the suprarenal arteries rise from?

Answer 47

inferior phrenic arteries aorta renal arteries

Question 48

there is only one suprarenal vein on the right side it drains into:

Answer 48

IVC

Question 49

there is only one suprarenal vein on the left side it drains into:

Answer 49

left renal vein

Question 50

the cortex of the suprarenal glands is divided into three zones:

Answer 50

outer zona glomerulosa middle zona fasiculata inner zona reticularis

Question 51

the medulla has collections of large ....... cells that secrete ........ and ..........

Answer 51

chromaffin cells noradrenaline and adrenaline

Question 52

is the pancreas intra or retroperitoneal?

Answer 52

retroperitoneal

Question 53

what do beta cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?

Answer 53

insulin

Question 54

what do alpha cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?

Answer 54

glucagon

Question 55

classes of hormones secreted from the cortex of the adrenal glands

Answer 55

glucocorticoids androgens mineralocorticoids

Question 56

what is the pituitary lobe attached to?

Answer 56

hypothalamus

Question 57

name two secretions from the adrenal cortex of the kidney?

Answer 57

adrenaline noradrenaline

Question 58

how do hormones get to the pituitary from the hypothalamus?

Answer 58

hypophyseal vein