total protein & albumin Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
The term “protein” was derived from “______,” meaning _________.
A
Proteis - first rank of importance
2
Q
elements that make up proteins
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur (CHONS)
3
Q
element that distinguishes proteins from other macromolecules
A
Nitrogen
4
Q
OOO: Element in Proteins
1 Carbon
2 Hydrogen
3 Nitrogen
4 Phosphorus
A
4
5
Q
T/F Proteins can only carry a positive charge.
A
F – Proteins are amphoteric (carry both positive and negative charges)
6
Q
Proteins are synthesized mainly by the __________ and secreted by its cells into the circulation.
A
Liver (hepatocytes)
7
Q
T/F Immunoglobulins are produced by hepatocytes in the liver.
A
F - produced in lymphatic tissue
8
Q
basic structural unit of proteins
A
Amino acids
9
Q
pH range of proteins
A
5.5 to 8.0
10
Q
explain isoelectric point
A
pH at which a protein has no net charge
11
Q
if pH is greater than the isoelectric point of a protein, protein will have a ____________?
A
net negative charge
12
Q
proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body
A
Enzymes
13
Q
Proteins help repair body tissues primarily through the help of _________ and enzymes
A
Cytokines
14
Q
OOO: Protein Functions
A) Repair body tissues
B) Transport metabolic substances
C) Decrease blood pH
D) Serve as biocatalysts
A
C) Decrease blood pH
15
Q
In hemostasis, it acts to form a clot when activated by thrombin.
A
fibrinogen
16
Q
examples of proteins that contribute to the structure of cells and tissues
A
Collagen, elastin, and keratin
17
Q
Select: Roles of Protein
A) Maintaining acid-base balance
B) Carrying oxygen through the bloodstream
C) Serving as buffers
D) Acting as biocatalysts (enzymes)
A
ABCD
18
Q
OOO: Function of proteins
A Repair body tissues
B Aid in digestion of fats
C Transport metabolic substances
D Maintain acid-base balance
A
B
19
Q
Three primary functions of proteins in plasma
A
Maintenance of oncotic pressure
Transport of small molecules
Promoting/inhibiting inflammatory actions
20
Q
major proteins in plasma that contribute to the electrophoretic pattern
A
albumin, α1 antitrypsin, α2 macroglobulin,
haptoglobin, β lipoprotein, transferrin, C3 complement, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulins
21
Q
OOO: Quantitating and fractionating proteins
A Turbidimetry
B Absorption spectrophotometry
C Liquid chromatography
D Dye binding
A
Liquid chromatography
22
Q
T/F Proteins contain approximately 60% nitrogen, which is measured to assess levels of total proteins
A
T
23
Q
notable method used for assessing nitrogen content in protein
A
Kjeldahl method
24
Q
two enzymes that are examples of transaminases found in the body
A
AST (Aspartate transaminase) and ALT (Alanine transaminase)
25
OOO: Related enzymes in protein function for diagnostic tests
AST
LDH
Hemoglobin
Alkaline phosphatase
Hgb
26
T/F Total protein testing can be used to assess the liver's synthetic function
T
27
two proteins most frequently analyzed in plasma
Albumin and Globulins
28
technique that separates proteins based on their migration towards an electric charge
Protein electrophoresis
29
main types of globulins in plasma, each with distinct roles
Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, and Gamma globulins
30
main protein that maintains osmotic pressure in the blood
albumin
31
primary function of albumin
maintains osmotic pressure and transports various substances in the blood
32
plasma protein fraction that migrates faster than albumin towards the anode in electrophoresis
pre-albumin
33
t/f Pre-albumin is mainly used to assess the body’s nutritional status
t
34
what is α1 fetoprotein, and what does elevated levels in adults indicate
principal fetal protein; liver cancer or other malignancies
35
T/F Alpha-1 lipoprotein transports LDL cholesterol in the blood
HDL
36
protein in the Alpha-1 group wc is a marker for spina bifida in prenatal testing
a1 fetoprotein
37
GC globulin transports ____ and binds ____.
vitamin D ; actin
38
alpha-2 globulin that binds hemoglobin released from red blood cells
haptoglobin
39
t/f Haptoglobin has three types: Type 1-1, Type 2-1, and Type 2-2.
t
40
plasma protein deficiency is associated with Wilson's disease
ceruloplasmin
41
copper-containing protein and a marker for copper metabolism disorders.
ceruloplasmin
42
what are the proteins in the beta-globulin fraction primarily involved in
transport of lipids, iron, and immune responses
43
which beta-globulin protein transports iron in the blood
transferrin
44
part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and can indicate immune system activity
Beta-2 microglobulin
45
C-reactive protein (CRP) indicates _____ when elevated
acute inflammation / infection
46
T/F CRP is part of the beta-globulin fraction and promotes phagocytosis.
t
47
main role of gamma globulins
function as antibodies, playing a key role in immune defense
48
most abundant antibody in the blood and provides long-term immunity.
IgG
49
presence of IgM typically indicates ____
recent / early stage infection
50
Select: immunoglobulins typically associated with allergic responses
IgG
IgE
IgM
IgA
IgE
51
T/F IgA is mainly found in secretions such as saliva and mucus, providing local immunity.
T
52
which immunoglobulin is typically elevated during parasitic infections
IgE
53
OOO: Alpha-2 globulin group
Haptoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
Albumin
Albumin
54
immunoglobulin that acts as a receptor on the surface of B cells, involved in initiating immune responses.
IgD
55
T/F Beta globulin C3 and C4 complement proteins are part of the immune response system.
T
56
principle behind Kjeldahl method for protein measurement
Digestion of protein and measurement of nitrogen content, assuming an average nitrogen content of 16%
57
T/F The Kjeldahl method is used frequently in clinical labs because it’s fast and easy.
F - time-consuming and not typically used for routine testing
58
reference method for protein measurement.
Kjeldahl method
59
first reaction step in the Kjeldahl method
conversion of nitrogen to ammonia (Kjeldahlization)
60
T/F refractometry is used for highly precise measurement of urine protein levels
F - not used for urine protein measurement due to excess solutes in relation to protein
61
what does refractometry measure in protein analysis
refractive index due to solutes in serum
62
Refractometry is highly accurate for protein levels above ____ but is not used for urine protein measurement.
2.5 g/dL
63
Name two common errors or interferences in refractometry
Lipemia, hemolysis, azotemia, and icterus
64
method that uses the formation of a violet-colored chelate for protein measurement
Biuret method
65
T/F The Biuret method is the most widely used protein analysis method and is recommended by the IFCC
T
66
In the Biuret reaction, the color intensity ___________ (color) indicates protein concentration.
reddish violet or pink
67
wavelength used to measure the Biuret reaction in protein analysis
540 nm
68
main components of the Biuret reaction wc break peptide bonds
Cupric ions
69
main components of the Biuret reaction
Cupric ions
Sodium tartrate
Potassium iodide
70
main components of the Biuret reaction wc prevents precipitation by keeping copper in solution
Sodium tartrate
71
main components of the Biuret reaction wc acts as an antioxidant and stabilizes cupric ions
Potassium iodide
72
A positive Biuret test results in a ___ color solution, while ____ indicates negative
purple - posi
blue - nega
73
method that uses protein binding to cause a spectral shift in absorbance
Dye-binding method
74
List at least two dyes used in the dye-binding method for protein analysis
Bromophenol blue, Ponceau S, Amido black 10B, Lissamine green, and Coomassie brilliant blue
75
T/F Dye-binding method relies on the ability of proteins to bind dyes, causing a measurable absorbance change.
T
76
what is the Nesler’s reaction used for in the Kjeldahl method
measure ammonia by producing a yellow solution (ammonium dimercuric iodide)
77
color change in Berthelot’s reaction for ammonia measurement
Formation of a blue color called indophenol blue
78
in protein measurement, what do hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus potentially affect
interfere with refractometry measurements
79
method that assumes that no proteins are lost in the precipitation step
Kjeldahl method
80
T/F Biuret method requires proteins to contain two or more peptide bonds to form a colored complex
T
81
reagent in the Kjeldahl method that reacts with ammonia to form ammonium dimercuric iodide
Nessler's reagent
82
presence of a purple color in a Biuret test indicate ?
Presence of proteins with at least two peptide bonds
83
acts as an antioxidant and stabilizes cupric ions in the Biuret reaction
potassium iodide
84
T/F The Biuret test is highly specific for peptides and proteins due to the interaction of cupric ions with peptide bonds
T
85
some common applications of the Biuret method in clinical settings
measurement of total protein in serum and plasma, commonly used in automated analyzers.
86
T/F The Biuret reaction is colorimetric and sensitive to minimal amounts of protein (down to 10–15 mg/dL).
T
87
dye in the dye-binding method is known for its high affinity for protein and strong color change
Coomassie brilliant blue
88
T/F Only proteins with low molecular weight can be measured by the Biuret method
False - measure proteins regardless of molecular weight if they have two or more peptide bonds
89
What type of test is total protein analysis: fasting or non-fasting?
Non-fasting
90
T/F hemolyzed sample will lead to a falsely decreased result in total protein analysis
F - falsely elevated
91
T/F Total protein concentration is higher in plasma than in serum due to the presence of fibrinogen.
T
92
Select: Lead to erroneous results in total protein analysis
A) Hemolysis
B) Lipemia
C) Fibrinogen presence in plasma
D) Improper labeling of tubes
A B D
93
By how much does fibrinogen increase total protein concentration in plasma compared to serum?
0.2-0.4 g/dL (2-4 g/L)
94
OOO: Items needed for total protein analysis
A) Serological pipet
B) Total Protein Reagent Kit
C) Refractometer
D) Spectrophotometer
C
95
T/F Total Protein Reagent Kit includes sodium hydroxide, potassium sodium tartrate, copper sulfate, and sodium azide.
F - kit includes sodium hydroxide, potassium sodium tartrate, copper sulfate, and potassium iodide; sodium azide is used in the standard for stability.
96
protein concentration of the standard used in total protein analysis
8 g/dL (80 g/L)
97
Select: Components of the Total Protein Reagent Kit
A) Potassium iodide
B) Sodium hydroxide
C) Protein standard
D) Copper sulfate
A B D
98
T/F For the pipetting scheme, the tip of the pipet should touch only the sides of the tube when delivering the sample.
bottom
99
OOO: Total protein analysis procedure
A) Incubate for 10 minutes
B) Shake the test tube vigorously
C) Measure absorbance within 30 minutes
D) Invert tube 2-3 times
B
100
T/F wavelength required for total protein analysis is between 400-450 nm
520-580 nm
101
required temperature for total protein analysis
37 C
102
Select: Total protein analysis pipetting scheme
A) Wavelength of 520-580 nm
B) Temperature of 25°C
C) Optical path of 1 cm
D) Reading against a reagent blank
A C D
103
The optical path length for total protein analysis is _ cm.
1 cm
104
normal reference range for serum total protein
6.5-8.3 g/dL (65-83 g/L)
105
OOO: Conditions typically associated with elevated total protein levels
A) Dehydration
B) Chronic inflammation
C) Malnutrition
D) Multiple myeloma
C
106
Select: Conditions indicated with low serum total protein levels
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Overhydration
C) Dehydration
D) Malabsorption
A B D
107
T/F A serum total protein value above 8.3 g/dL may indicate hepatic insufficiency.
Elevated levels may indicate dehydration, chronic inflammation, or multiple myeloma; hepatic insufficiency may lead to low protein levels
108
What is the reference range for the pathologic control in serum total protein analysis?
4.43-5.63 g/dL
109
major protein found in plasma with the highest concentration
Albumin
110
T/F Albumin is synthesized in the kidneys
F - liver
111
how many grams of albumin are synthesized per day
9-12 g/day
112
Select: Substances transported by albumin in the blood
A) Thyroid hormones
B) Unconjugated bilirubin
C) Calcium
D) Sodium
E) Magnesium ions
A B C E
113
T/F Albumin primarily helps maintain blood viscosity and is not involved in osmotic pressure.
False - albumin’s primary role is to maintain oncotic pressure, contributing to osmotic pressure.
114
What percentage of colloid osmotic pressure in the intravascular fluid is maintained by albumin?
80%
115
Select: Albumin aids in the diagnosis of
A) Protein loss due to GI issues
B) Hepatic insufficiency
C) Nephrotic syndrome
D) Respiratory infections
A B C
116
T/F Albumin levels are highest in active nephrotic syndrome.
F - lowest
117
OOO: Associated with low plasma albumin levels
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Chronic inflammation
C) Malnutrition
D) Hydration
D
118
term that describes albumin's decreased level in response to acute inflammation
Negative acute phase reactant
119
albumin’s primary function in the body
Maintenance of oncotic pressure and transport of various compounds
120
T/F The detection of high albumin levels is clinically significant in diagnosing dehydration.
F - High albumin levels do not provide clinical significance unless associated with dehydration or excessive albumin infusion.
121
T/F Albumin can be analyzed through dye binding where the dye binds to globulins.
F - binds to albumins
122
dye commonly used for albumin binding in the dye binding method?
Bromocresol green (BCG)
123
OOO: Dye binding method for albumin analysis
A) Dye binds to albumin forming a colored complex
B) Bromocresol green is used
C) Albumin concentration is unaffected by pH adjustments
D) Absorbance of the complex is measured
C
124
T/F Albumin must be negatively charged to bind to the dye in the dye binding method.
F - positively charged to bind to the anionic dye
125
In the salt precipitation method, which component is measured in the supernatant?
Albumin
126
T/F In electrophoresis, proteins are separated based on their ____ and _____
size and electric charge
127
Select: Factors that affect the speed of electrophoresis
A) Charge density
B) Size and shape of the molecule
C) pH of the solution
D) Electric field strength
E) Temperature
A B D E
128
Select: Support media for electrophoresis in albumin analysis
A) Cellulose acetate
B) Agarose gel
C) Polyacrylamide
D) Glass slides
A B
129
T/F Albumin has the largest band in electrophoresis, followed by alpha, beta, and gamma globulins.
T
130
Select: Migrates towards the anode during electrophoresis
A) Albumin
B) Alpha-1 globulins
C) Beta-globulins
D) Gamma-globulins
A
131
Select: Abnormalities identified through electrophoresis
A) Monoclonal gammopathy
B) Nephrotic syndrome
C) Chronic inflammation
D) Hypogammaglobulinemia
E) Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
A B C D E
132
condition characterized by the absence of gamma globulins
Hypogammaglobulinemia
133
condition characterized by the absence of gamma globulins?
Hypogammaglobulinemia
134
In nephrotic syndrome, the concentration of albumin is __________, while alpha-2 macroglobulin is __________.
low, high
135
T/F In nephrotic syndrome, albumin is lost in the urine due to impaired glomerular function.
T
136
which protein fraction is typically absent in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-1 globulin
137
Which protein fraction is increased in cases of acute inflammation?
Alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins
138
After protein separation in electrophoresis, in what type of solution are protein fractions immersed before staining?
acid solution
139
OOO: High-resolution protein electrophoresis component
A) Higher voltage
B) Cooling system
C) Coomassie blue dye
D) Concentrated buffer
C
140
Select: Dyes used in the dye-binding method for albumin determination
A) Metal orange
B) HABA
C) Bromocresol green
D) Bromocresol purple
A B C D
141
T/F HABA is a highly sensitive dye but lacks specificity for albumin.
F - low sensitivity, but more specific for albumin
142
Which dye is known for high sensitivity but may overestimate low albumin levels?
Bromocresol green (BCG)
143
Bromocresol green is the most commonly used dye for albumin determination because it is sensitive and __________ by bilirubin and salicylates.
not affected
144
T/F Bromocresol purple is less precise than BCG in albumin analysis.
F - Bromocresol purple is specific, sensitive, and precise and is more preferred than BCG
145
Select: Dyes nonspecific for albumin
A) Methyl orange
B) Bromocresol green
C) Bromocresol purple
D) HABA
A
146
Select: Interfere with HABA dye in albumin analysis
A) Bilirubin
B) Salicylates
C) Sulfonamides
D) Penicillin
A B C D
147
T/F Hemoglobin can bind to BCG dye, causing an increase in total protein measurement by 1.0 g/dL
F - Hemoglobin can bind to BCG, leading to an increase equivalent to 0.1 g/dL
148
dye used in albumin analysis is more specific and less affected by bilirubin interference compared to others
Bromocresol purple
149
T/F Bromocresol purple is not affected by bilirubin interference.
f - affected pren nmn masless lng
150
Electrophoresis is used primarily when an __________ is found in the protein or albumin.
abnormality
151
T/F Albumin levels are measured using a wavelength of 520 nm.
F - 620 nm
152
The standard albumin concentration is _______ g/dL (_______ g/L).
3.5 g/dl (35 g/L)
153
Select: Albumin Reagent Kit
A) Succinate buffer (pH 4.2)
B) Bromcresol green
C) Sodium hydroxide
D) Surfactant
A B D
154
T/F The albumin reagent kit contains sodium azide for the stability of the protein.
T
155
How long should the incubation time be for albumin analysis?
5 mins
156
The pipetting scheme for albumin analysis requires the optical path to be ______ cm.
1 cm
157
.
F- inverting the test tube 2-3 times
158
OOO: Albumin analysis procedure
A) Labeling the tubes
B) Measuring absorbance within 15 minutes
C) Using a centrifuge to separate serum
D) Covering the tube with parafilm
C
159
T/F The albumin analysis is performed at a temperature of 25°C.
37 C
160
The reference range for albumin is _______ to _______ g/dL (______ to ______ g/L).
3.5 - 5.5 g/dL (35 - 55 g/L)
161
T/F Prolonged tourniquet application can lead to decreased albumin levels.
F - increased albumin levels due to hemoconcentration
162
OOO: Increased albumin levels
A) Dehydration
B) Chronic inflammation
C) Prolonged tourniquet application
D) Liver disease
B D
163
Select: Elevated albumin levels
A) Chronic inflammation
B) Dehydration
C) Nephrotic syndrome
D) Prolonged tourniquet application
B D
164
Globulin is computed using the formula: Total protein – _______ = Globulin.
Albumin
165
The normal value for globulin is ___ to ___ g/dl (____ to ____ g/L).
1.5 to 4.5 g/dL (15.0 to 45.0 g/L)
166
normal A/G ratio
1.3 – 3.0
167
OOO: Inverted A/G ratio
A) Cirrhosis
B) Multiple myeloma
C) Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
D) Dehydration
D
168
T/F An inverted A/G ratio is indicative of dehydration.
F - associated with cirrhosis, multiple myeloma, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
169
Disalbuminemia results in increased _______ drug levels in serum.
therapeutic
