intro to carbo

Question 1

major food source and energy supply for the body, found in connective tissues and nucleic acids

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

where glycogen is primarily stored in the body

Answer 2

liver and muscle

Question 3

condition characterized by an increased level of glucose and is commonly seen in diabetic patients

Answer 3

Hyperglycemia

Question 4

T/F: Hyperglycemia can be caused by factors like pancreatectomy, stress, and pregnancy.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F Hyperglycemia can also be caused by pregnancy, dehydration, and abnormal insulin receptors.

Answer 5

T

Question 6

condition with decreased plasma glucose level and commonly seen in diabetic patients who inject insulin

Answer 6

Hypoglycemia

Question 7

Severe Hyperglycemia occurs primarily in ___% of diabetics every year

Answer 7

10

Question 8

caused by an imbalance of hormones and leads to chronic hyperglycemia

Answer 8

Diabetes mellitus

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperglycemia?
A) Hemochromatosis
B) Dehydration
C) Insulin overdose
D) Pancreatectomy

Answer 9

Insulin overdose – causes hypoglycemia.

Question 10

hormone produced by the β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and promotes glucose entry into cells

Answer 10

Insulin

Question 11

hormone produced by the α-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans which is responsible for increasing plasma glucose levels

Answer 11

glucagon

Question 12

T/F: Insulin is the only hormone that decreases glucose levels and functions as a hypoglycemic agent.

Answer 12

T

Question 13

process insulin stimulates to convert glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles?

Answer 13

Glycogenesis

Question 14

process in wc glycogen is broken down into glucose in response to glucagon

Answer 14

Glycogenolysis

Question 15

process where insulin stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides from glucose

Answer 15

Lipogenesis

Question 16

process that insulin inhibits to prevent the release of glucose from the liver?

Answer 16

Glycogenolysis

Question 17

T/F Insulin inhibits glycogenolysis, while glucagon stimulates it.

Answer 17

T

Question 18

hormone responsible for increasing plasma glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Answer 18

Glucagon

Question 19

Which of the following processes is NOT regulated by insulin?
A) Glycolysis
B) Glycogenolysis
C) Lipogenesis
D) Glycogenesis

Answer 19

B) Glycogenolysis – regulated by glucagon

Question 20

process where glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and glycerol?

Answer 20

Gluconeogenesis

Question 21

T/F Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to form products such as lactate, pyruvate, and ATP.

Answer 21

T

Question 22

type of samples routinely used to measure glucose in the body

Answer 22

serum/plasma, whole blood, urine, csf

Question 23

Why should serum or plasma be separated from blood cells as soon as possible when measuring glucose?

Answer 23

Blood cells continue to metabolize glucose, lowering glucose levels in the specimen.

Question 24

T/F Glucose levels in whole blood are approximately 11% lower than in serum or plasma.

Answer 24

T

Question 25

Odd One Out: Typical body fluid for glucose measurement A) Serum B) Plasma C) Saliva D) Urine

Answer 25

C) Saliva - mlamang

Question 26

Venous blood glucose is approximately _____ lower compared to capillary blood glucose

Answer 26

7 mg/dl

Question 27

T/F: CSF glucose levels are approximately 60-70% of plasma glucose levels

Answer 27

T

Question 28

when should fasting blood glucose be obtained + how long should patient fast?

Answer 28

morning after 8-10 hrs of fasting

Question 29

glucose levels in an uncentrifuged blood specimen kept at room temperature decreases by ___ per hr

Answer 29

5-10 mg/dl

Question 30

T/F: If an uncentrifuged blood specimen is refrigerated, the glucose level decreases by approximately 3 mg/dL per hour.

Answer 30

F - 2 mg/dl

Question 31

Odd One Out: Factor that affects fasting blood glucose A) Diurnal variation B) Time of fasting C) Temperature D) Content of last meal

Answer 31

D) Content of Last Meal – Fasting blood glucose requires no food intake for 8-10 hours.

Question 32

Blood for CSF glucose levels should be obtained ___ hours before the spinal tap

Answer 32

1-2 hrs

Question 33

inhibits in vitro glycolysis, stabilizing glucose for up to 3 days at room temperature.

Answer 33

Sodium Fluoride Tube

Question 34

Odd One Out: Characteristic of a sodium fluoride tube A) Inhibits in vitro glycolysis B) Bacterial contamination increases glycolysis rate C) Stabilizes glucose for 3 weeks D) Best way to minimize glycolysis is to separate plasma from cells

Answer 34

C) Stabilizes glucose for 3 weeks – It stabilizes glucose for up to 3 days.

Question 35

principle of the Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

Answer 35

Reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions in a hot alkaline solution by glucose.

Question 36

T/F The Alkaline Copper Reduction Method is specific for glucose.

Answer 36

F – High levels of ascorbic acid or other reducing agents can cause false positives.

Question 37

chemical method most commonly used for glucose determination

Answer 37

Nelson-Somogyi Method

Question 38

In the Folin-Wu Method, glucose reduces cupric ions to form what final product?

Answer 38

Phosphomolybdenum blue

Question 39

end product of the Neocuproine Method and color

Answer 39

Cuprous-neocuproine complex; yellow to yellow-orange - indicating glucose presence

Question 40

Odd One Out: Involves a yellow-to-orange color change A) Neocuproine Method B) Benedict’s Method C) Hagedorn-Jensen Method

Answer 40

C) Hagedorn-Jensen Method – based on inverse colorimetry and does not use yellow-to-orange color changes.

Question 41

The Benedict’s Method uses _____ as stabilizing agents.

Answer 41

tartrate and citrate

Question 42

color indicates a high glucose level in the Benedict’s Method

Answer 42

Brick red

Question 43

method uses the principle of reducing ferricyanide to ferrocyanide in hot alkaline solution

Answer 43

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method

Question 44

how is glucose concentration measured in the Hagedorn-Jensen Method

Answer 44

proportional to the decrease in absorbance, using inverse colorimetry.

Question 45

measures the ability of primary aromatic amine acid to condense with glucose's aldehyde group to form glycosylamines

Answer 45

Condensation Method

Question 46

Odd One Out: Interfering substance in the Condensation Method A) Galactose B) Uric acid C) Mannose D) Aldopentose

Answer 46

B) Uric acid – interferes with enzymatic methods, not condensation methods.

Question 47

end product of the Ortho-Toluidine Method and its final color

Answer 47

N-glucosylamine; bluish green.

Question 48

three major enzymatic methods for glucose determination

Answer 48

Glucose oxidase Hexokinase Glucose dehydrogenase

Question 49

enzyme used in the Glucose Oxidase Method -- one of the most common for glucose determination?

Answer 49

Glucose oxidase

Question 50

GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD aka

Answer 50

Saifer Gernstenfield method

Question 51

T/F The Glucose Oxidase Method is prone to errors caused by other reducing substances, such as ascorbic acid.

Answer 51

T

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of falsely decreased glucose in the Glucose Oxidase Method? A) Uric acid B) Ascorbic acid C) Glutathione D) Ferricyanide

Answer 52

D) Ferricyanide – part of the Hagedorn-Jensen Method.

Question 53

reaction of Trinder reaction, and in which glucose determination method is it used?

Answer 53

coupled reaction used in the Glucose Oxidase Method

Question 54

T/F: Hexokinase is a highly specific enzyme for glucose measurement because it phosphorylates glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.

Answer 54

T

Question 55

glucose determination method monitored by the disappearance of oxygen using an oxygen electrode or the consumption of hydrogen peroxide

Answer 55

Glucose Oxidase Method

Question 56

Odd One Out: Causes of falsely elevated glucose in the Glucose Oxidase Method A) Bleach B) Ascorbic acid C) Strong oxidizing compounds D) Overexposure to air

Answer 56

B) Ascorbic acid – falsely decreased glucose

Question 57

reference standard method for glucose determination and is considered more accurate than the glucose oxidase method

Answer 57

Hexokinase Method

Question 58

enzyme used in the Hexokinase Method for glucose determination?

Answer 58

Hexokinase

Question 59

absorbance measured in the Hexokinase Method increases at what wavelength

Answer 59

340 nm

Question 60

T/F Hexokinase Method can give false high results due to gross hemolysis or increased bilirubin.

Answer 60

F - low

Question 61

Odd One Out: Factors that causes false low results (Hexokinase Method) A) Gross hemolysis B) Increased bilirubin C) Increased ATP concentration

Answer 61

C) Increased ATP concentration – ATP is a necessary substrate in the reaction, not a cause of false results.

Question 62

what enzyme converts α-D-glucose to β-D-glucose in the Glucose Dehydrogenase Method

Answer 62

Mutarotase

Question 63

compound that forms a blue color in the Glucose Dehydrogenase Method after NADH reacts with MTT and diaphorase?

Answer 63

Formazan

Question 64

T/F: The Glucose Dehydrogenase Method is more accurate than the Hexokinase Method for glucose determination.

Answer 64

F – Hexokinase Method is the reference standard and more accurate.

Question 65

formula to calculate the glucose concentration of a control sample

Answer 65

conc_sample=(conc_std)×( Abs_sample/ Abs_std)

Question 65

formula used to calculate the glucose concentration of a sample?

Answer 65

conc_sample=(conc_std)×(Abs_sample / Abs_std)

Question 66

T/F: To calculate the glucose concentration of CP (control positive), you use the formula: conc_CP=conc_std×(Abs_std / Abs_CP)

Answer 66

F - (Abs_CP/ Abs_std)

Question 67

reference range for glucose concentration in conventional units

Answer 67

70-110 mg/dL

Question 67

T/F: The reference range for glucose in SI units is 3.9-6.1 mmol/L.

Answer 67

T

Question 67

conversion factor used to convert glucose concentration from mg/dL to mmol/L?

Answer 67

0.0556

Question 68

Odd One Out: Increased glucose levels A) Diabetes mellitus B) Starvation C) Pancreatitis D) Renal failure

Answer 68

B) Starvation – decreased glucose levels

Question 69

diseases commonly associated with increased glucose levels

Answer 69

Diabetes mellitus, Pancreatitis, Pituitary or thyroid dysfunction, Renal failure, and Liver disease

Question 70

T/F: Hyperinsulinemia and insulin-induced hypoglycemia cause decreased glucose levels.

Answer 70

T

Question 71

Odd One Out: Decreased glucose levels A) Hyperinsulinemia B) Neoplasms C) Liver disease D) Starvation

Answer 71

C) Liver disease – Liver disease leads to increased glucose levels.

Question 72

condition characterized by excess insulin leading to hypoglycemia and low plasma glucose levels

Answer 72

Hyperinsulinemia

Question 73

T/F Neoplasms can result in increased glucose levels.

Answer 73

F - decreased

Question 74

diabetic patient who injects insulin have 1 or 2 episodes of ___ per week

Answer 74

symptomatic hypoglycemia

Question 75

what should be added in nelson somagyi method when preparing Protein-Free Filtrates to remove saccharoids

Answer 75

Barium sulfate (BaSO4)

Question 76

Nelson Somagyi involves the conversion of glucose to what color

Answer 76

arsenomolybdenum blue