TOTAL PROTEINS

Question 1

specimen of choice for TP

Answer 1

serum

Question 2

Reference value for ambulatory adults (able to walk)

Answer 2

6.5 - 8.3 g/dL

Question 3

Reference value for recumbent positions

Answer 3

6.0 - 7.8 g/dL

Question 4

Detects the nitrogen present in the ammonia

Answer 4

Kjeldahl Method

Question 5

classic method for quantification of protein

Answer 5

Kjeldahl method

Question 6

It uses serum treated with tungstic acid, forming PFF (protein free filtrate)

Answer 6

Kjeldahl method

Question 7

in Kjeldahl method, nitrogen is converted to NH3(ammonia) using__

Answer 7

sulfuric acid

Question 8

1g of Nitrogen is = __g of Protein

Answer 8

6.54g

Question 9

reference method of Kjeldahl method

Answer 9

15.1-16.8 %

Question 10

The Nitrogen in ammonia may be measured using:

Answer 10

• Nesslerization
• Berthelot method
• Titration method

Question 11

Most widely used method for determination of total protein.

Answer 11

Biuret method

Question 12

Only method recommended by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Expert Panel for
determination of total protein.

Answer 12

Biuret method

Question 13

positive result of biuret method

Answer 13

purple color

Question 14

in Biuret method, what bond does copper bind to?

Answer 14

peptide bond

Question 15

It requires at least 2 peptide bonds and an alkaline medium to measure total protein

Answer 15

Biuret method

Question 16

Highest analytical sensitivity

Answer 16

Folin-Ciocalteu/Lowry method

Question 17

Oxidation of phenolic compounds such as tyrosine and tryptophan reduce PT-PMA reagent to give a blue color

Answer 17

Folin-Ciocalteu / Lowry method

Question 18

main reagent of Folin-Ciocalteu method

Answer 18

Phosphotungstic-molybdic acid or phenol reagent

Question 19

color enhancer of folin-ciocalteu method

Answer 19

Biuret reagent

Question 20

Detects proteins in low concentration (10-60 u/mL)

Answer 20

Folin-Ciocalteu method

Question 21

the absorbance of proteins at 210 nm at a pH of 8 is due to the absorbance of the peptide
bonds at specific wavelength

Answer 21

Absorption of UV Light at 280 nm

Question 22

Absorption at 280 nm is d/t

Answer 22

• phenylalanine
• tyrosine
• tryptophan

Question 23

It has been used for CSF or cerebrospinal fluid proteins

Answer 23

Absorption of UV light at 280 nm

Question 24

e.g. od dye used to stain protein bands after electrophoresis

Answer 24

Coomassie Brilliant blue

Question 25

Simple and fast and also linear up to 150 mg/dL

Answer 25

Dye-Binding methods

Question 26

most common dye used for albumin

Answer 26

Bromcresol Green

Question 27

what is pH is albumin, which is cationic and binds with an anionic dye

Answer 27

4.2

Question 28

This method is affected by the presence of penicillin which leads to a false decreased level of albumin

Answer 28

Bromcresol Green method

Question 29

most specific dye for electrophoresis

Answer 29

Bromcresol purple

Question 30

Dyes used for the measurement of Albumin

Answer 30

- Bromcresol purple - Methyl orange - HABA (2,4 - dihydroxyazobenzenebenzoic acid) - PSP (phenylsulfonapthalein)

Question 31

The measurement depends on the formation of a uniform fine precipitates which scatters incident light in suspension which is __________ or it blocks light which is _________

Answer 31

nephelometry; turbidimetry

Question 32

precipitating agents

Answer 32

- SSA with sodium sulfate - Trichloroacteic acid

Question 33

often used for measuring urine and CSF protein

Answer 33

Turbidimetric methods

Question 34

protein donates protons = (-) negative charge

Answer 34

Alkaline pH

Question 35

where does an alkaline pH migrate to?

Answer 35

Anode

Question 36

protein receives protons = (+) positive charge

Answer 36

Acidic pH

Question 37

where does an acidic pH migrate to?

Answer 37

Cathode

Question 38

what confirms multiple myeloma

Answer 38

gamma spike

Question 39

gamma spike confirms:

Answer 39

multiple myeloma

Question 40

The movement of buffer ions and solvent relative to the fixed support

Answer 40

Electroendosmosis

Question 41

Causes gamma globulins to migrate toward the cathode even though they are slightly negatively charged

Answer 41

Electroendosmosis

Question 42

At pH 8.6, in order of migration, the 5 major bands are:

Answer 42

- albumin - a 1- globulin - a 2- globulin - beta globulin - gamma globulin

Question 43

Abnormal amount of amino acids present in the protein. Excretion of 1 or 2 amino acids in urine may be due to a block in the major metabolic pathway.

Answer 43

Aminoaciduria

Question 44

due to IgA in serum

Answer 44

Beta-gamma bridging effect

Question 45

Monoclonal gammopathy (multiple myeloma)

Answer 45

Monoclonal band (gamma-globulin)

Question 46

Chronic inflammation

Answer 46

Polyclonal band

Question 47

Increase in a-2-macroglobulin

Answer 47

nephrotic syndrome

Question 48

deficiency in alpha-1-antitrypsin; Juvenile cirrhosis

Answer 48

Alpha-1-globulin flat curve:

Question 49

plasma level above renal threshold as a result of metabolic disorder. Results from a disruption of a normal metabolic pathway that causes increased plasma concentration of nonmetabolized substances.

Answer 49

Overflow

Question 50

Most well-known of amino acidurias which may lead to severe mental retardation.

Answer 50

PKU - phenyketonuria

Question 51

PKU is an enzyme deficiency which leads to:

Answer 51

- increased phenylalanine in the blood - increased phenyl compounds in the urine

Question 52

Caused by a failure to inherit gene for oxidative decarboxylation.

Answer 52

MSUD (maple syrup urine disease)

Question 53

increased cystine, lysine, ornithine, arginine in urine. Most commonly seen in patients with kidney stones

Answer 53

Cystinuria

Question 54

normal plasma level but decreased renal threshold or reabsorption

Answer 54

urine