tourism Flashcards
(35 cards)
push factors and pull factors (interactions between tourism generating and destination regions)
push factors (generating)
stressful work environments
unpleasant living environments
lack of entertainment options
pull factors (destination)
scenic beauty
events
attractions/facilities
list reasons that led to the growth of tourism (influenced by globalisation)
motivation to travel, ability to travel , mobility to travel
motivation to travel exp + globalisation
need for relaxation/personal growth/fulfilment/discover unique travel experiences
globalisation increases use of social media/internet
ability to travel exp + e.g. + globalisation
increase in disposable incomes/leisure time/paid leave, business innovations such as tour packages and websites/applications e.g. Expedia/Trivago, lower transport costs e.g. budget airlines
globalisation increases ability to search for and buy tourism services anywhere
mobility in travel exp + e.g. + globalisation
expansion of public transport services and infrastructure
(tourists can travel to more places in shorter time)
introduction of new modes of travel
e.g. bullet trains in Japan
increased private car ownership (domestic tourism, convenience)
globalisation increases connectedness
list stages of tourism development
exploration
involvement
development
consolidation
stagnation
post stagnation: decline/rejuvenation
exploration stage of tourism development + e.g.
natural/cultural attractions
minimal contribution to economy
small irregular tourist visits
e.g. Jaco Island in Timor Leste → inaccessible + lack of facilities
involvement stage of tourism development + e.g.
rise in goods/services/amenities
growing contribution to economy
increasing varying tourist visits
e.g. Kuang Si Waterfalls in Laos
development stage of tourism development + e.g.
attractions increase rapidly
significant contribution to economy (high employment)
rapidly increasing tourist visits
e.g. Phu Quoc Island in Vietnam → received airport /seaport investment
consolidation stage of tourism development + e.g.
slowing of new attractions
dominates contribution to economy
tourist visits outnumber local population
e.g. Goa in India → 7 mil tourists > 1.5 mil locals
stagnation stage of tourism development + e.g.
attractions decline and become old (no longer interests tourists)
stagnating contributions to economy
tourist visits exceed carrying capacity → negative effects
start of decline in tourist visits
e.g. Hawaii in USA → crowded tourism facilities
post stagnation stage of tourism development + e.g.
decline:
local businesses close → deteriorating facilities
significantly declining contribution to economy
rejuvenation:
funding provided to redevelop area/advertise
increase in contribution to economy
e.g. Blackpool, UK → 1990 lost attractiveness due to competitive pricing → old inns shut down
present → engaged private sector to invest 300mil pounds to build Blackpool Central which aims to attract 600 000 visitors annually
dependables vs venturers
dependables:
individuals who try to make daily lives predictable
cautious spending
follow guidance
travel in groups
prefer routine
visit popular destinations
likely to return
venturers:
adventurous
readily spend
guided by personal judgement
travel alone
prefer diversity in activities
visit less-developed, new places
list new emerging types of tourism
adventure, sports, heritage, health tourism
positive economic impacts exp + e.g.
employment opportunities:
labour intensive → transport/accommodation/leisure
formal/informal employment
reduce unemployment rates
e.g. 2019 tourism → 10% of global workforce (330 million jobs)
income generation:
tourists spend money → increase income for locals
tax provide government with revenue → invest in improving standard of living
e.g. Maldives one of world’s poorest (1980) to low poverty rates (natural landscape)
negative economic impacts exp + e.g.
economic leakages:
revenue lost to other countries
tourist businesses spend on overseas imports → less revenue → reduce income
e.g. only 5% of tourist revenue remains in host country
overdependence:
unexpected events affecting livelihoods
e.g. COVID-19 → -65% global tourism
negative social impacts exp + e.g.
commodification:
cultural practices exaggerated for tourists
art forms mass produced
lose authenticity
conflict among locals
e.g. Maasai tribes in Kenya → exaggerated events
Vancouver, Canada totem poles produced and sold for tourists without collaboration with native tribes → conflict (locals feel diluted culture)
cultural clashes:
tourists insensitive to local norms
negative attitudes to tourists
e.g. Hawaii locals did not want to reopen after COVID as locals feel that tourists do not respect indigenous culture
crime:
pickpocketing tourists
tourists relaxed and off guard → targets
make locals feel less safe
positive social impacts exp + e.g.
cultural preservation:
tourist visits to culturally significant areas
provide revenue → incentive for preservation efforts
enhance locals’ sense of belonging
e.g. shadow puppetry in China attract tourists → use VR → preserve art form
enhancing cultural ecosystem services:
e.g.Sanjiangyuan National Park (China) → rare snow leopards → aesthetic/educational/recreational benefits
negative environmental impacts exp + e.g.
pollution:
travelling/air-conditioned accommodation → greenhouse emissions
improper waste disposal
e.g. Mt Everest climbers discard tents/other waste → contaminate land/groundwater
depletion of natural resources (water):
droughts → harm ecosystems
e.g. Bali → 3 million litres of water daily → dried up rivers → rising water costs
threats to wildlife habitats:
construction → encroach on natural areas
trample plants/noise pollution
e.g. Maldives → large-scale facilities → rock/sand dumped into sea → suffocating corals → harm animals dependent on coral reefs
positive environmental impacts exp + e.g.
environmental conservation:
revenue from tourism → fund protection of natural ecosystems
done through establishing protected areas/national parks to limit development
training specialised staff to care for ecosystems (park rangers etc.)
environmental education programmes
ecosystem restoration:
aquatic/terrestrial sites → tourist attractions → motivation for restoration to create new natural attractions
reforestation
e.g. Mauritius and Seychelles → degradation of coral reefs due to overfishing/pollution → UN Development fund project to restore
economic sustainability methods
continual provision of employment opportunities:
skills training → career progression → income growth → stable employment → stable income
provision of social services:
tourism revenue → schools/clinics → healthcare/education opportunities → higher standard of living → secure employment
social sustainability methods
respect authenticity:
allows traditional practices to remain meaningful and significant for tourists/local communities
encourage continued practice/preservation
avoid conflicts
intercultural understanding and tolerance:
exchanges between tourists and locals → understanding + appreciation
positive experience → encourage continuity → attract more tourists
environmental sustainability methods
maintain essential ecological processes:
ensure environment can thrive
e.g. minimise deforestation → maintain transpiration/photosynthesis → ensure ecosystem services (water/food supply) are met
conserve natural heritage and biodiversity:
establish national parks → protect sites from threats (illegal poaching etc.) → better management of tourist numbers + waste generated
limitations of governments in achieving sustainable tourism development + e.g.
poor enforcement:
lack resources/political influence/corruption
prioritising economic development:
neglect environmental/social sustainability
e.g. Mt Everest → poor enforcement of waste disposal → pollution
Nepali authorities prioritise revenue → lack of tighter regulations
