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Tox 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gossypol- tox type

A

Cardiac/hematopoietic

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2
Q

Gossypol- source

A

Cotton seed

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3
Q

Gossypol- MOA

A

Binds and inhibits dehydrogenase in oxidative stress response and less energy and protein production; chelates iron causing anemia and reduces protein availability

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4
Q

Gossypol- species

A

Non-ruminants more sensitive, horses less effected

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5
Q

Gossypol- CS

A

Anemia, general weight loss, weakness; end result- myocardial necrosis and CHF

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6
Q

Gossypol- dx

A

History, chemical analysis

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7
Q

Gossypol- necropsy lesions

A

Cardiac necrosis, edematous, pale, mottled heart with vaculoization

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8
Q

Gossypol- tx

A

High protein diet with vitamin A, iron, lysine

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9
Q

Blister beetle- toxic agent

A

Cantharidin

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10
Q

Cantharidin- species effected

A

Horses

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11
Q

Cantharidin- lethal dose

A

6-250 beetles

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12
Q

Cantharidin- tox type

A

Heart and GI

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13
Q

Cantharidin- MOA

A

Inhibition of protein phosphatases leading to cardiac toxicity, mucosal irritant

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14
Q

Cantharidin- CS

A

Colic, PU, diaphragm contraction with heartbeat, severe iritation/ulceration of epithelia, cardiac toxicity

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15
Q

Cantharidin- dx

A

Presence of bugs; ulceration of MM; labs: hypocalcemia, increased BUN; cardiac necrosis

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16
Q

Cantharidin- tx

A

GI decontamination and protection (sucralfate), antibiotics

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17
Q

What is the most common toxicity site

A

Kidney- proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

Why is the proximal convoluted tubule most susceptible to toxicity

A

p450 and cysteine conjugation of B-lyase- leads to bioactivation of metabolites which cause damage; loose epithelium allows compounds to enter cells; increased anion, cation, metal transport can lead to accumulation and ischemic injury.

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19
Q

Describe acute kidney injury (AKI)

A

Decreased GFR, renal azotemia from damage to tubule/GFR/vasculature

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20
Q

AKI- CS

A

V, GI bleed, PUPD leading to olig/anuria

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21
Q

Chronic renal failure (CRF)- describe

A

Related to secondary compensatory changes in response to initial injury

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22
Q

CRF- CS

A

edema, hypocalcemia, PTH activity, reduced RBC count

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23
Q

Ethylene glycol- tox type

A

Renal, CNS

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24
Q

Ethylene glycol- MOA

A

Metabolites made by alcohol dehydrogenase: glycolic acid- acidosis; glyoxylic acid- CNS; oxalate- binds Ca to cause renal damage via calcium oxalate

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25
Ethylene glycol- stage 1
30 min-3 hours- ataxia, CNS depression, nausea/V, PUPD in dogs
26
Ethylene glycol- stage 2
12-24 hours- cardiopulmonary effects-tachypnea, tachycardia
27
Ethylene glycol- stage 3
12-72 hours (where most animals present) - PU leading to anuria, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, seizures, oral ulcers, dehydration, enlarged kidneys
28
Ethylene glycol- dx
Concentration in blood (peak at 1-6 hours); gone from urine at 24 hours, cats below detectable; isosthenuria in 3 hours, crystalluria in 6. Hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, anion gap, osmolal gap
29
Ethylene glycol- tx
Competitive inhibition of acohol dehydrogenase with 20% ethanol+sodium bicarb; 4MP or antizol
30
When is ethanol contraindicated in ethylene glucol
Renal failure
31
Eth glyc- charcoal?
Wont bind well
32
Cholicalciferol- tox type
kidney
33
Cholicalciferol- MOA
Increases Ca via all sources, choli--> 1,25 dehydrox
34
Cholicalciferol- organ effected most
Kidneys- then all others calcify
35
Cholicalciferol- Dx
Increased P then increased Ca, low PTH, azotemia, low USG, calciuria, multiple organ calcification
36
Cholicalciferol- tx
Saline/furosemide, prednisolone (blocks Ca absorb), calcitonin/pamidronate (SEs), sucralfate for ulcer, phos binder
37
Grape/raisin- tox type
kidney
38
Grape/raisin- CS
initial V then AKI
39
Grape/raisin- labs
hyper Ca, P, BUN
40
Grape/raisin- tx
Furosemide, fluids, Dopamine (renal blood flow), mannitol (osmoreg)
41
Acetaminophen- tox type
liver
42
Acetaminophen- species
Cats (gluc) pigs (sulf)
43
Acetaminophen- MOA
Formation of NAPQI which after glutathione gone binds to proteins to cause liver necrosis and methemoglobin
44
Acetaminophen- CS cats
Methemoglobin, paw/face edema
45
Acetaminophen- CS dogs.rats
hepatic necrosis
46
Acetaminophen- tx
NAC glutathione precursor, ascorbic acid for metHg, cimetidine/ranitidine for less abs
47
NSAID- tox type
Liver
48
NSAID- MOA
Uncouple ox phos - lactic acid, acidosis; cox enzyme GI ulceration, renal tox via prostaglandin inhibition
49
NSAID- CS acute
Depression, acidosis, nausea, V
50
NSAID- CS chronic
GI ulceration, metHgbemia, thrombocytopenia, anemia
51
Naproxen- tox type
liver
52
Naproxen- CS
Black tarry stool, weakness, pale gums, facial twitch in cats, ulcerative perforation
53
Naproxen- dx
Anion gap, liver enz, increased clotting, AKI, necrotic macrophages in liver
54
Naproxen- tx
Emesis, charcoal repeatedly, H2 blockers (ulcer), sucralfate with misoprostol for weeks, symptoms (anion, hyper K)
55
Arsenic- tox type
Liver
56
Arsenic- source
Well water
57
Arsenic- MOA
Penta- metabolized to toxin in rumen; Trivalent- binds to -SH groups to inhibit ox phos, reduce metabolism; GI tox to epithelium leading to shock/enteritis
58
Arsenic- CS hallmarks
GI, stagger, tremble, PU/PD to anuria, posterior paresis, coled extremeties, hypothermia
59
Arsenic- lesions
Brick red gut, yellow soft liver, red congested lungs, kidney damage, smell gi contents
60
Arsenic- tx
Chelation therapy with dimercaprol or sodium thiosulfate before CS
61
Zinc- tox type
kidney
62
Zinc- MOA
Zinc + stomach acid- free zinc- zinc salts - corrosion; oxidative damage leading to hemolysis
63
Zinc- CS acute
hemolytic anemia, jaundice, pancreatitis, neteritis, panc/kid/liv necrosis
64
Zinc- CS chronic
Cattle- hemolytic anemia, lameness, gastric ulcers, renal necrosis, hepatocye necrosis
65
Zinc- tx
PPI (omeprazole), H2 blockers to stop absorption, symptomatic
66
Dishwasher detergent MOA and tx
alkalinity 11, dilution, analgesics, steroids for inflammation
67
scour/bleach - MOA, CS, Tx
alkalinity, liquefactive necrosis of MM, dilute, cathartics after dilute
68
Disinfectants- types and MOA
phenol- protein denature; pine oil- MM irritation
69
Phenol- CS
Burns, shock, arrhythmias, MetHgbemia, liv/kid damage
70
Phenol tx
milk or eggs, decontam only if large amount or no burns; 1% methylene blue for MHGB
71
Pine oil CS
respiratory depression, bloody vomit, hpotension, pulmonary edema; cats sensitive
72
Pine oil tx
milk, egg whites, whater, no emesis/lavage; maintain osmotic balance
73
Toilet cleaner MOA
Acid or base
74
Toilet CS
dysphagia, dyspnea, ulcer,
75
Toilet tx
dilution, steroids for stricture NO DECONTAM
76
Ammonia- MOA, CS, tx
Alkaline, same as toilet
77
Zearelanone- tox type
Repro- phytoestrogen, beans
78
Zearelanone- source
Fusarium DON grains
79
Zearelanone- species
all but chicken
80
Zearelanone- hallmark
vulvovaginitis/hyperestrogen syndrome
81
Zearelanone- ferret/pig CS
all repro depending on sex and maturity
82
Zearelanone- cattle/sheep
regressed testis/feminization; abortin/pseudopreg
83
Zearelanone- tx
Remove feed; charcoal, high fber to reduce eliminationt ime?
84
Bees- tx
Epinephrine
85
Wasps- MOA
peptides, enzymes, amines for pain- ex. kinins
86
Fire ants- MOA
Alkaloids: piperidine- dermal necrosis
87
Ticks- MOA
Decreased Ach at NMJ- weakness
88
Ticks- CS
Loss of voice, ascending flaccid paralysis, respiratory death
89
Ticks tx
Abs, antiemetics, atropine
90
Bufo- MOA
biogenic amines- histamine and serotonin mimicks for vasoconstriction, hallucination; budotoxin- inhibit NaKATPase like glycosides for arrhythmias
91
Bufo- tx
charcoal, oral decontam, diaz for seizure, propranolol/lidocaine for arry; digoxin immuned Fab
92
Black widow MOA
alpha-latrotoxin pores in membranes to allow Ca influx to release nuerotrans for muscle spasms (sustained)
93
Black widow tx
Calcium gluconate for cramps, antivenom, resp support
94
Brown rec- MOA
sphingomyelinase D necrotizing enzyme - cleaves lipids in membrane = tissue necrosis
95
Brown rec CS
Hemolytic anemia, bulls eye ulcer
96
Brown rec tx
Abx, Burrow's solution on wound, bicarb for hemoglobinuria
97
Coral MOA
Neurotoxin binds Ach- paralysis (irrev)
98
Coral CS
Tissue necrosis, myoglobinemia (cat), hemolysis (dog_
99
Copper tx
antihistamine
100
rattle/mocc tx
fluids, gluco (shock), cortico (inflamm)
101
Pit viper CS
Hypotension, shock, tachycardia/pnea, anticoagulation
102
Enterotoxin- MOA
bind intestinal epi, increase permeability
103
Endotoxin- MOA
Prvent Ach release at NMJ - paralysis

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