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1
Q

OP- tox type

A

Neuro- CNS depression

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2
Q

OP - symptoms

A

Nicotinic- SLUDGE-M; muscarinic- tremor, twitch, weakness

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3
Q

OP- dx

A

Atropine- no response (such as increased HR, dry mouth, mydriasis)

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4
Q

OP- MOA

A

AchE inhibitor- leads to cholinergic overstimulation bc Ach not broken down

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5
Q

OP- acute symptoms

A

Respiratory depression, death

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6
Q

OP- tx

A

Charcoal, atropine, 2PAM

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7
Q

2PAM- tx for what? MOA?

A

Reactivates AchE and reverses OP poisoning

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8
Q

Ivermectin- MOA

A

GABAa receptor agonist increases inhibitory GABA binding- CNS depression

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9
Q

Ivermectin- dx

A

History, tissue samples

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10
Q

Ivermectin- tx

A

Charcoal (multiple), fluids; epinephrine or barbituates for seizure- NO DIAZEPAM (increases GABAaR agonism)

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11
Q

Nicotine- tox type, MOA

A

Neuro (stim then block Ach receptors)

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12
Q

Bromethalin- tox type

A

Neuro

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13
Q

Bromethalin- MOA

A

Mitochondrial inhibitor- no ATP for oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

Metaldehyde- MOA/effect

A

Converted to acetaldehyde - CNS stimulation

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15
Q

Metaldehyde- tox type

A

Neuro

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16
Q

Slaframine- tox type

A

Mycotoxin neuro

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17
Q

Slaframine- MOA

A

Ach mimic to muscarinic receptors, CNS depression (think drooling on self-slobbers)

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18
Q

Slaframine- hallmark and CS

A

Slobbers, bloat, diarrhea

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19
Q

Slaframine- tx

A

Remove source, fluids, atropine

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20
Q

Slaframine- ddx

A

OPs, botulism

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21
Q

Fumonisin- tox type

A

Mycotoxin neuro, B1 most toxic, in corn!

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22
Q

Fumonisin- MOA

A

SNAase inhibition- increases sphinganine which is cytotoxic

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23
Q

Fumonisin- conditions

A

ELEM- equine- jaundice, drowsyness to terminal mania; PPE- inactivity, increased RR, decreased HR to pulmonary edema

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24
Q

Tremorgenic mycotoxins- name

A

Aspergillus, penicillum, claviceps

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25
Tremorgenic mycotoxins- MOA
NT release CNS, neuro
26
Tremorgenic mycotoxins- CS
Intermittent or sustained tremors, depression, ataxia
27
Ammoniated feeds- NPN- hallmark
Bovine bonkers/hyperexcite
28
Ammoniated feeds- imidazole hallmark
Alternating normal/hyperexcite
29
Ammoniated feeds- NPN tx
Cold water to slow urease converstion to ammonia, vinegar to acidify
30
Ammoniated feeds- Imidazole tx
Remove food, sedation to protect, milk out
31
Ammoniated feeds- ddx
OPs, cyanide
32
Strychnine- MOA
Competitive agonist of glycine receptors (glycine is inhibitory) leads to stimulation
33
Strychnine- tox type
Neuro and muscle
34
Strychnine- hallmark
Sawhorse, grinning
35
Strychnine- death style
Respiratory distress
36
Strychnine- canine symptoms
Hyperthermia
37
Strychnine- dx
Increased K, acidosis
38
Strychnine- tx
Phenobarb for seizures, intubate, emesis, charcoal, diuresis; Ion trapping- Ammonium chloride or bicarb if acidotic
39
Strychnine- ddx
OPs, tetanus
40
Salt- MOA
Brain edema from Na leading to water influx
41
Salt- tx
Slow rehydration, furosemide
42
Alprazolam- MOA
GABAaR agonist leading to more GABA inhibition
43
Alprazolam- tox type
neuro
44
Alprazolam- tx
Lavage, flumAZenil- GABAaR antagonist to block inhibitory
45
Alprazolam- hallmark
Low BP
46
Ambien- tox type
Neuro
47
Ambien- MOA
GABA-omega binding for increased GABA signaling
48
Scott- MOA
Unknown
49
Scott- tox type
Muscle
50
Scott's- hallmark
Myotonia, oral/GI ulcers, posterior weakness
51
Scott's- tx
Decontam; ion trapping with NaHCO3 if kidneys ok
52
Ergot- tox type
Muscle
53
Ergot- hallmark
Summer Slump
54
Ergot- MOA
ergOt- dOpamine, serOtonin agonist (also decreased prolactin from pitu dopamineR)
55
Ergot- source
Claviceps, mouse dropping seeds
56
Ergot- CS
Primary- Smooth muscle contraction of uterus or vasculature leading to abortion or ischemia, can lead to lameness/gangrene; hallucination; summer slump- down weight and eating, retain winter coat
57
Summer slump- cause
Ergot
58
Ergot- dx
Fescue in forage
59
Ergot- tx
Remove source, metoclopramide (dopamine antagonist) to increase prolactin
60
Ionophores- MOA
Increased Na/Ca in cell leading to muscle cell death from mitochodrial swelling; ionophores punch holes in bacteria
61
Ionophores- tox type
Muscle
62
Ionophores- CS
Anorexia, weakness, colic, flank sweat Cattle; add diarrhea and respiratory difficultuy Dogs: posterior paralysis
63
Ionophores- Dx
Increased muscle enzymes (AST, CK, LDH, BUN, Bili), Decreased K and Ca
64
White muscle necrosis- cause
Ionophores
65
Increased K- cause, Decreased K- cause
Cardiac glycosides; Ionophores
66
Ionophores- ddx
gossypol
67
Tetanus- MOA
GABA and glycine block- blocks their inhibition leading to increased muscle stimulation
68
Tetanus- ddx
strychnine
69
Tetanus- Tx
antitoxin early, supportive
70
Tetanus- CS
Lockjaw, sawhorse
71
Pulmonary issues- causes
Petroleum, paraquot herbicide
72
Paraquot herbicide- tox type
Pulmonary accumulation
73
Warfarin- MOA
Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase- unable to convert vitamin K to active for clotting cascade
74
Warfarin- dx
25% increase in PT, green-blue feces, bleeding
75
Warfarin- tox type
Cardio/hemato
76
Warfarin- tx
Transfusion, vitamin K (tx for two weeks)
77
Anticoagulants- half life comparison
Warfarin (15h)
78
Nitrate toxicity- source
Plants in stress form drought or pesticides
79
Nitrate toxicity- MOA
Nitrates converted to nitrites (-) to ammonia build up leading to vasodilation and oxidized hemoglobin
80
Effect of methemoglobin in nitrate toxicity
metHgb has more Fe3+ whcih cant bind oxygen
81
Nitrate toxicity- symptoms
Cyanosis/brown blood (hersheys)
82
Nitrate toxicity- tx
Methylene blue IV q 20 min
83
Nitrate toxicity- tx in cats/horses
ascorbic acids
84
Nitrate toxicity- most effected
Pigs > cow > sheep > horse
85
Cardiac glycosides- source
foxglove, oleander, lily
86
Oleander- tox type
Cardiac glycoside
87
Lily- tox type
Cardiac glycoside
88
Foxglove- tox type
Cardiac glycoside
89
Nitrate toxicity- tox type
Hematopoetic
90
Cardiac glycosides- MOA
Inhibit Na-K-ATPase pump via competition with K for binding leading to effects on heart
91
Cardiac glycosides- Hallmark and CS
High K; Racing HR, weak pulse
92
Cardiac glycosides- tx
Propranolol to affect ATPase channels (B blocker); furosemide to decrease K
93
Cardiac glycosides- antidote
Digoxin- binds
94
Cyanide- MOA
Inhibits by binding cytochrome oxidase which blocks mitochondrial function and reduces O2 to H2O- can't respire
95
Cyanide- tx
1- Induce metHgb- Sodium nitrate (creates more Fe3+ to bind cyanide, can revers with NMB); 2- Sodium thiosulfate to crease thiocyanate which is non-tox and can be excreted
96
Cyanide- hallmark
Cherry red blood
97
Methylxanthines- MOA
Competitive agonist of adenosine receptors leading to CNS stimulation and vasoconstriction; inhibition of phosphodiesterase increasing cAMP/GMP
98
Methylxanthines- types
Theobromine, caffeine, theophylline
99
Methylxanthines- CS
Hyperactivity, tachycardia, hypertension
100
Methylxanthines- Tx
Lidocaine, diazepam/barbs for seizures
101
Methylxanthines- dx
theobromines in serum

Toxo (2 decks)

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