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Tox Final Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

MOA insoluble ca oxalate

A

Penetration via needle shaped ca oxalate crystals- MUST BE CHEWED

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2
Q

CS insoluble ca oxalate

A

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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3
Q

MOA soluble ca oxalate

A

Hypocalcemia, precipitation of insoluble Ca oxalates in soft tissue and kidney damage

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4
Q

CS soluble ca oxalate

A

Hypocalcemia, kidney damage

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5
Q

MOA Isocupressic acid

A

Vasoconstriction, dec uterine blood flow, abortion

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6
Q

MOA Quinones

A

Primary photosensitization

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7
Q

MOA Tannic acid

A

Tissue damage- GI lesions, kidney damage

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8
Q

MOA Triterpene acids

A

Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization

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9
Q

MOA Colchicine

A

Antimitotic by inhibiting spindle formation (especially in rapidly dividing cells)

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10
Q

MOA Diterpene alkaloids

A

Competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at muscle endplate similar to curare

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11
Q

CS Diterpene alkaloids

A

Sudden death, muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating. collapse

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12
Q

Tx diterpene alkaloids

A

Physostigmine

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13
Q

MOA Ergot alkaloids

A

Vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction and abortion-chronic

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14
Q

MOA Indolizidine alkaloids (Swainsonine)

A

Inhibit lysosomal enzymes needed for glycoprotein formation altering cell function in brain, etc., nitropropanol glycoside (peripheral n. degeneration + resp. signs) and selenium (hoof + hair abnormalities)

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15
Q

MOA Lycorine

A

Emetic and purgative

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16
Q

MOA Muscarine

A

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor stimulation, CNS stimulation

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17
Q

MOA Piperidine alkaloids

A

Nicotinic effects, ganglionic + NM stimulation followed by blockade, NM blockade prevents fetal movement resulting in birth defects

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18
Q

MOA Pyridine alkaloids

A

nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some CNS (low dose= depolarization, high dose= blockade)

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19
Q

MOA Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

A

Hepatotoxic

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20
Q

MOA Solanine and Solanidine allkaloids

A

GI, CNS, respiratory and cardiac- similar to ATROPINE

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21
Q

MOA Taxine alkaloids

A

Cardiotoxic like digitalis

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22
Q

MOA Tropane alkaloids

A

GI, CNS, mydriasis, tachycardia- like atropine

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23
Q

Tx Tropane alkaloids

A

Physostigmine

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24
Q

MOA Xanthine alkaloids

A

Blocking adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase

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25
CS Xanthine alkaloids
salivation, V, colic, D, CNS stim, seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination
26
MOA Anthraquinones
Purgative, skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, coffee colored urine, kidney damage
27
MOA Calcinogenic glycosides
Vitamin D analog
28
MOA Carboxyatractyloside
Hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia
29
MOA Cardiac glycoside
Inhibits Na/K ATPase, cardiotoxic, GI and skin irritation
30
MOA Coumarin glycoside
Form dicoumarol in spoiled plants. Hemorrhage from vit K antagnoism via inhibition of vit K epoxide reductase leasing to factor 2,7,9,10 def
31
Tx Coumarin glycoside
vit K1 orally
32
MOA cyanogenic glycoside
Acute- cytochrome oxidase inhibition and cell resp inhibition, vasoconstriction, glycolysis and citric acid cycle inhibition, mm irritation Chronic- neuronal damage and antithyroid
33
MOA Cycasin
Cycasin causes GI irritation + liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxic a.a. Unknown toxin can give CNS axonal degeneration
34
MOA glucosinolate/ thiocyanate glycoside
Antithyroid
35
MOA Nitropropanolol glycoside
Inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
36
CS Nitropropanolol glycoside
Bv/Ov- resp and neuro signs | Eq/Rodents- neuro signs
37
MOA Phytoestrogens
Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
38
CS Phytoestrogens
Infertility in females, dec libido and feminization of males
39
MOA Protoanemonin
Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside- GI irritation
40
MOA Ptaguiloside
Aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep, neoplasm of urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria, tumors of upper GI and retinal degeneration in sheep "bright blindness"
41
MOA Steroidal saponins
Hepatic photosensitization and liver damage
42
MOA Gossypol
Cardiotoxic + 2˚ liver damage, reduces ♂ fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules, causes protein malnutrition, enzyme inhibition, interferes with Hb synthesis
43
MOA molydbenum
Copper deficiency signs
44
MOA Copper accumulation
Liver damage, hemolysis, metHb
45
MOA Selenium accumulation
Acute- GI irritation, resp signs | Chronic- hoof and hair abnormalities
46
MOA Nitrates
Acute- GI irritation, metHb, resp. insufficiency, fetal metHb + death Chronic- decreased progesterone during pregnancy + abortion, reduced performance
47
MOA Dimethyl disulfide
Oxidation of RBCs to form Heinz body anemia
48
CS Dimethyl disulfide
Anemia, depression, hemoglobinuria/emia, icterus, cyanosis
49
MOA Diterpene esters
Irritation of skin and mm, activate protein kinase C giving cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
50
MOA Grayanotoxins
Bind to Na channels in excitable cells (n., skeletal + cardiac m., CNS) w/ increased permeability to Na ions + depolarization, GI mucosa irritation
51
MOA Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)
Inhibit cell protein synthesis leading to cell death (GI, vascular, liver, cardiac, etc.)
52
CS Lectin
GI signs and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
53
MOA Meliatoxin
Enterotoxic, neurotoxic
54
MOA Propyl disulfide
Oxygen free radicals giving RBC membrane damage/ hemolysis/Heinz bodies
55
MOA Tetradymol
Liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance Hepatogenic photosensitization
56
CS Tetradymol
Sheep** anorexia, depression, incoord, dyspnea, icterus, head pressing, skin swelling,e erythema, necrosis, sloughing, bacT infection
57
MOA Thiaminase
Break down thiamine in diet and gives signs of thiamine (vit B1) def- neurotoxic- monogastrics
58
MOA Triterpenoid saponins
Direct GI irritation
59
MOA Resin/ Resinoid
irritation of CNS and muscles
60
MOA forage-induced sensitization
2˚ photosensitization from liver damage | Moldy alfalfa and wheat, red clover
61
MOA Alsike and red clover
Unknown- hepatotoxicity and secondary photosen in horses only Hepatic encephalopathy with large amount
62
MOA Avocado
Cardiotoxic- goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds | Mastitis and agalactia- cattle, horses, goats, rabbits
63
MOA Black walnut
Fresh shavings- laminitis
64
MOA Grapes and raisins
Renal failure in dogs
65
MOA Lillies
Renal failure in cats | GI irritation in dogs and cats
66
MOA Pigweed
Acute nitrate- metHb Chronic nitrate- abortion Soluble Oxalate- hypocalcemia and kidney damage Unknown- renal tubular damage in ruminants, pigs, horses
67
MOA Red mapple
DRIED LEAVES- HA, Hbemia, Heinz bodies in horses**
68
MOA Coffee Senna
Skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy | Anthraquinone- cathartic/purgative
69
MOA Yellow starthistle and Russian Knapweed
Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia or “chewing disease” Toxins interact w/ dopamine transporter leading to death of dopaminergic neurons in brain (esp. substancia nigra + globus pallidus)
70
MOA Macademia nuts
Dogs only- weakness in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale MM
71
What plants cause hepatic photosensitization?
Triterpene acids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, carboxyatractyloside, steroidal saponin, tetradymol, alsike/red clover, and moldy alfalfa/wheat
72
What plants cause primary photosensitization?
Quinones- St johns wort and buck wheat
73
Which plants are like atropine?
Solanine/ solanidine and tropane alkaloids
74
Which plants cause heinz body anemia?
Red maple leaves, dimethyl disulfide and propyl disulfide
75
Which three toxins are in pigweed?
Nitrate, soluble oxalate and unknown toxin
76
What 3 toxins are in milk vetch?
Indolizidine alkaloids, nitropropanolol glycosides and selenium

Toxicology (3 decks)

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