Toxicity Introduction

Question 1

Most exposure of humans to chemicals is from what source

Answer 1

Food plants containing naturally occuring compounds

Question 2

What makes the poison

Answer 2

Dose

Question 3

Toxicity

Answer 3

Ability of a chemical to cause injury or harm

Question 4

Dose

Answer 4

How much chemical gains access to the body

Question 5

Dose-Response curve

Answer 5

Reaction to a dose with increasing concentration

Question 6

True or False: All individuals respond similar to drugs or toxins

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Therapeutic range or window

Answer 7

Margin in which response increases with dose to show efficacy can also have side effects

Question 8

What is the rule of toxicology

Answer 8

Exposure before risk

Magnitude of risk is proportional to potency and extent of exposure

The dose makes the poison

Question 9

Routes and sites of exposure

Answer 9

Ingestion: GI

Inhalation: Lungs

Dermal/Topical: Skin

Injection: IV, IM, IP

Question 10

Typical effectiveness with route of administration

Answer 10

IV > Inhale > IP > IM > Ingest > Topical

Question 11

What route of exposure is the norm in pharmacy

Answer 11

Oral

Question 12

What route of exposure is mostly seen in hospitals and drug abuse

Answer 12

IV

Question 13

What are important components of exposure and dose

Answer 13

Duration and frequency

Question 14

What is meant

T. Y acute exposure

Answer 14

24-28 hours or single exposure

Question 15

What are the three classification of repeated exposure

Answer 15

Sub-acute

Sub-Chronic

Chronic

Question 16

Up to 30 days exposure

Answer 16

Sub-acute

Question 17

30-90 days exposure

Answer 17

Sub-chronic

Question 18

Greater than 90 days exposure

Answer 18

Chronic

Question 19

What is LD50

Answer 19

50% percent of the dose that causes mortality

Question 20

Pharmacokinetics is concerned with

Answer 20

ADME

Question 21

Pharmacodynamics is concerned with

Answer 21

DME

Efficacy

Toxicity

Question 22

Ability of a chemical to enter the blood

Answer 22

Absorption

Question 23

The kinetics of absorption is altered by what factor

Answer 23

Drug concentration

Question 24

Therapeutic dose follow what order

Answer 24

First

Question 25

Toxic dose follow what order

Answer 25

Zero

Question 26

Can increasing the half life increase toxicity

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

Process in which a chemical agent translocate throughout order

Answer 27

Distribution

Question 28

Rate of distribution is dependent on what factors

Answer 28

Blood flow Toxin characteristics

Question 29

Can higher toxic dose alter distribution

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

What metal can rapid mobilization of fat increase is blood concentration

Answer 30

Mercury

Question 31

What element/metal is distributed in the bone

Answer 31

Fluoride Lead Strontium

Question 32

What can happen to endogenous compounds of toxins bind to plasma protein

Answer 32

They can be displaced

Question 33

True or false: A toxin deposited in fat or bone cannot be removed by hemodialysis or chelation

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or false: Only free drugs are available for adverse effect or excretion

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What does adverse reaction depend on

Answer 35

Concentration of active compound at the target site overtime

Question 36

What is the primary objective to preventing accumulation of active metabolite at Target tissue

Answer 36

Make agents more water soluble and easier to excrete

Question 37

Bioactivation

Answer 37

Biotransformation that can result in the formation of reactive metabolite

Question 38

How can toxic doses induce bioactivation

Answer 38

By saturating primary metabolic pathway (CYP450)the metabolism of a drug can occur via a new pathway that can bioactivate instead of detoxify

Question 39

What is an example of a drug that can bioactivate by a new pathway

Answer 39

Acetaminophen

Question 40

What are the two normal pathway for acetaminophen metabolism

Answer 40

Phase I reaction of conjugation to form a glucuronide or sulfate to form non-toxic moiety

Question 41

What happens to acetaminophen when CYP450 2E1 is activated as a new pathway

Answer 41

Formation of toxic n-acetyl-p-benzo-quinine- mine (NAPQI) a toxic metabolite

Question 42

What is the importance of glutathione in acetaminophen toxicity

Answer 42

It binds to NAPQI and converts it to cysteine and mercapturic and which are non-toxic

Question 43

What two things can deplete glutathione causing increasing NAPQI levels

Answer 43

Alcohol and overdose

Question 44

What are routes by which toxicants can be eliminated

Answer 44

Urine Exhalation Billary excretion via feces Milks, sweat, saliva

Question 45

Hoar can elimination be enhanced with some toxicants

Answer 45

Changing ph of urine Increasing urine flow Increasing blood volume

Question 46

Where do You find toxicity info

Answer 46

Drug cards MSDS