TOXICOLOGY

Question 1

What makes a chemical Toxic?

Answer 1

The ability to cause harm

Three Factors:

1. Chemical Structure (Toxicity)
2. Amount absorbed (Dose)
3. Bodies ability to handle (Response)

Question 2

Toxic vs. Hazardous

Answer 2

Toxic= Harmful
Hazardous = Likely to Harm

Toxic: How much is required
Route: How it enters the body
Dose: How much got in
Duration: Time of exposure
Interaction: Reaction with other substances
Sensitivity: Reaction

Question 3

What is the most important factor in toxicity?

Answer 3

Structure

Question 4

What are the routes of exposure?

Answer 4

Inhalation
Absorption
Ingestion
Injection

Question 5

What body system is classified when a substance was swallowed or ingested

Answer 5

Respiratory

Question 6

What is effected when inhailed?

Answer 6

Lungs and airway

Question 7

What are some inhalation hazards?

Answer 7

Gases, Vapors, Mist and Particles
Vapors from ingested products
May enter the bloodstream causing systemic effects

Question 8

What does Polar mean?

Answer 8

There is a charge

Question 9

What do polar toxins tend to irritate?

Answer 9

Upper airway

Question 10

What do non-Polar toxins tent to affect?

Answer 10

air sacks (alveoli)

Question 11

what is the level of damage due to inhaling particulates?

Answer 11

> 30 microns- Upper Airway (Throat, nose)
5-30 Microns- Middle airways (Bronchi)
0.5 - 5 microns- Air Sacks (Alveoli)
<0.5 microns- acts as a gas

Question 12

What does NCPE Stand for?

Answer 12

Non- Cardiac Pulmonary Edema

Question 13

What is NCPE?

Answer 13

Fluid build up in the lungs not attributed to heart failure or pulmonary hypertension

Question 14

Will medicating the patient change the status of the fluids in the lungs lungs with NCPE?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

How correct NCPE?

Answer 15

Physically moving the fluids via increasing pressure (CPAP, BVM)

Question 16

What are the causes of NCPE in Tox?

Answer 16

Physical Destruction

Chemical Destruction

Question 17

What is the least common route of exposure?

Answer 17

Ingestion

Question 18

What are the complications with Ingestion?

Answer 18

May cause damage to the GI Tract

May be absorbed into the blood stream

May be excreted without harm

Question 19

What happens when a chemical enters the body?

Answer 19

It can be used

It can be stored

It can be eliminated

Question 20

What are the types of elimination?

Answer 20

Exhalation

Precipitation

Urination

Defecation

Vomiting

Lacrimation

Question 21

What is a chemicals half life?

Answer 21

The time required for the activity of a substance taken into the body to lose one half its initial effectiveness.

Question 22

What is Latency?

Answer 22

Delayed Onset

Question 23

What are the toxic effects?

Answer 23

Acute- One time severe exposure

Subacute- moderate exposure levels over several encounters

Chronic- low level exposures generally occurring over a long period of time

Question 24

What is reaction?

Answer 24

2 or more chemicals reacting to form new compounds

Bleach and ammonia turn to chloramine

Question 25

What is Interaction

Answer 25

You being exposed to more than one compound Additive- 1+1=2 Synergism- 1+1=3 Antagonism- 1+1= 0.5

Question 26

What is a toxin?

Answer 26

A toxin technically is a product of a living microorganism

Question 27

What is a toxicant

Answer 27

Man made product

Question 28

What is a poison?

Answer 28

a material that causes harm in small amounts

Question 29

What is a local response?

Answer 29

A local response usually causes damage at the point of contact with the body (On skin location)

Question 30

What is a systemic response?

Answer 30

A systemic response may or may not cause any damage at point of contact but will enter the body and move to a target organ or system where the damage will occur

Question 31

What is a Hemotoxin?

Answer 31

Attack the blood components

Question 32

What are Necrotics?

Answer 32

Corrosives that destroy tissue

Question 33

What are Neurotoxins?

Answer 33

Attack the nervous system

Question 34

What are asphyxiants?

Answer 34

deprive cells of oxygen or their ability to use oxygen

Question 35

What are carcinogens?

Answer 35

Cause cancer

Question 36

In terminology, what does "L" stand for?

Answer 36

Lethal

Question 37

In terminology, what does "T" Stand for?

Answer 37

Toxic

Question 38

In Terminology, what does "D" Stand for?

Answer 38

Dose

Question 39

In terminology, what does "C" Stand for?

Answer 39

Concentration

Question 40

In terminology, what does "xx" stand for?

Answer 40

Affected test population

Question 41

What are some possible clues to exposure?

Answer 41

``` Odor Taste Irritation Symptoms Settled dust or mist Particles in nose or mucous membrane ```

Question 42

What do muscarinic effects tend to dominate?

Answer 42

Bradycardia Bronchospasm SLUDGEM Blurred Vision

Question 43

What does SLUDGEM Stand for?

Answer 43

Salivation - The secretion of Saliva Lacrimation- The secretion of tears Urination- The secretion of Urination Deification- Uncontrollable bowel movement GI - abdominal pain Emesis - Vomiting Muscle activity (Miosis)- Constricting pupils

Question 44

What is the cellular energy cycle and their respective ATP contribution?

Answer 44

``` Glycolysis (2 ATP) Krebs Cycle (2 ATP) Oxidative phosphorylation (32 ATP) ```

Question 45

What do corrosives cause?

Answer 45

Irritation and burns to skin, eyes and respiratory system. Burns result in tissue sloughing similar to thermal burns.

Question 46

Treatment for corrosive burns?

Answer 46

``` Remove patient to safety Remove contaminated clothing Give oxygen and support respiration, intubation, PEEP/PPV if necessary. Irrigate eyes Cover burns per local protocol Treat for shock Brochiodialtors may be useful ```

Question 47

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 47

Explosives