TOXICOLOGY Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
(6) DEFINITION OF TOXICOLOGY
A
- Study of toxic drugs or poisons
- Effects and properties of poison
- Isolation and identification of poison
- Action of poisons to living tissue
- Determination of lethal dose
- Determination of antidotes
2
Q
The study of adverse effect of
xenobiotics to the human body
A
TOXICOLOGY
3
Q
Are substances that are foreign to the body such as poisons, toxins, toxic drugs (antibiotics).
A
XENOBIOTICS
4
Q
effects and properties, how to isolate and identify, mechanism of action to the living tissue,
determination of lethal dose especially if it’s a drug due to its therapeutic range, and most importantly determination of its antidote (ang iyang tambal) apil
sad siya sa toxicology.
A
TOXICOLOGY
5
Q
In cases of drug overdose, aside from the testing for the presence of that specific drug in the system, THIS TESTS (5) ARE INCLUDED
A
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Urinalysis
- Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
- Serum Electrolyte Analysis
- Blood Gas
6
Q
Kay most of this toxicity will affect
the kidney
A
URINALYSIS
7
Q
in relation to the kidney
A
BUN (BLOOD UREA NITROGEN)
8
Q
Exposure to Toxins: (100%)
A
50% intentional/suicide (ginusto)
30% accidental
20% homicide/occupational (from work)
9
Q
(3) ROUTES OF EXPOSURE:
A
- Ingestion
- Inhalation
- Transdermal Absorption
10
Q
Swallowing of substance through the mouth and into the stomach. Generally followed by its entrance into the small intestine
A
INGESTION
11
Q
Breathing causes us to inhale
substances which in return travels enroute to the lungs. Our lungs are so rich in blood vessels that any substance inhaled into the lungs are readily absorbed into the bloodstream
A
INHALATION
12
Q
Entering the body through the skin. Substances that absorb through
the skin sometime further assimilate into the blood
system
A
TRANSDERMAL ABSORPTION
13
Q
What is the most common route of exposure?
A
INGESTION/ INHALATION
14
Q
maingest siya it will go to the G.I tract and _________ into the circulation kay maabsorb siya sa
intestine.
A
PASSIVELY DIFFUSE
15
Q
IN CIRCUTATION INGESTION WILL PRODUCE __________ .It can go to any organ (it could affect
your heart, liver, kidney).
A
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
16
Q
IN CIRCULATION INHALATION OR TRANSDERMAL ABSORPTION WILL ONLY PRODUCE _______ such as diarrhea, bleeding, malabsorption
of nutrients if dili muagi sa GIT.
A
LOCAL EFFECT
17
Q
WHAT ARE THE (6) BRANCHES OF TOXICOLOGY:
A
- Mechanistic
- Descriptive
- Regulatory
- Forensic
- Clinical
- Environmental
18
Q
Cellular, molecular, and
biochemical effect of xenobiotics within the context of dose response relationship (the higher dose = the more toxic) that will assess potential toxicity of new chemicals.
A
MECHANISTIC
19
Q
It will describe or compare risk assessment of toxicity test.
A
DESCRIPTIVE
20
Q
It will formulate regulatory policies to protect humans (more on government side)
A
REGULATORY
21
Q
Deals with kanang mga namatay, tanawon kung suicide ba or homicide. Pwede iexamine ang corpses.
A
FORENSIC
22
Q
It will study the relationship between the xenobiotic and the disease.
A
CLINICAL
23
Q
Deals with the sources of the toxin, transport, transformation of the toxin and how human will be able to come in contact with these toxins.
A
ENVIRONMENTAL
24
Q
(5) TERMINOLOGIES GIVEN:
A
- Acute Toxicity
- Chronic Toxicity
- TD50
- LD50
- ED50
25
There is a single short-term exposure to a substance. Once or short-term lang siya na expose sa substance.
ACUTE TOXICITY
26
Repeated exposure for an extended period of time
CHRONIC TOXICITY
27
This is the dose that will predict when mag produce ug toxic response in half of the population, meaning 50% of the population
TD50
28
This is the dose that will predict the dose that will have a lethal effect on the 50% of the population
LD50
29
This is the dose that will predict an effective or therapeutic dose to the 50% of the population
ED50
30
LETHAL MEANS
DEATH
31
TD STANDS FOR
TOXIC DOSE
32
LD STANDS FOR
LETHAL DOSE
33
ED STANDS FOR
EFFECT DOSE
34
(2) METHODS OD DETERMINATION OF TOXICOLOGY
1. IMMUNOASSAY
2. CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
35
WHAT ARE THE (3) CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES:
1. TLC (Thin-layer Chromatography)
2. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
3. GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry):
36
TEST that has limited sensitivity, results must be confirmed with another method.
TLC (Thin-layer Chromatography)
37
Test that is highly sensitive, reference method.
GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
38
WHAT ARE THE (5) TOXIC AGENTS
1. Alcohol
2. Carbon Monoxide
3. Cyanide
4. Metals
5. Drugs of Abuse
39
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas but it is very toxic substance
CARBON MONOXIDE
40
Produced by incomplete combustion of carbon containing substances
CARBON MONOXIDE
41
Binds to HEME PROTEINS (hemoglobin, cytochrome, myoglobin) which will result in the case of hemoglobin it will compete with binding sites with oxygen, for cytochrome it will inhibit the cellular respiration and electron transport.
CARBON MONOXIDE
42
GIVE (3) HEME PROTEINS
1. HEMOLGLOBIN
2. CYTOCHROME
3. MYOGLOBIN
43
TOXIC LEVEL OF CARBON MONOXIDE (%)
20% ANG MA INHALE
44
SUSCEPTIBLE ORGANS (2) OF CARBON MONOXIDE:
1. BRAIN
2. HEART
45
ANTIDOTE OF CARBON MONOXIDE:
100% OXYGEN
46
WHAT ARE THE (3) ELECTRON TRANSPORT INHIBITORS AND ITS COMPONENTS:
1. COMPLEX I INHIBITORS
- ROTENONE
2. COMPLEX III INHIBITORS
- ANTIMYCIN
3. COMPLEX IV INHIBITORS
- CYANIDE
- CARBON MONOXIDE
47
WHAT SAMPLE AND ANTICOAGULANT USED FOR CARBON MONIXIDE TESTING:
WHOLE BLOOD USING EDTA
48
INDICATION OF TOXICITY OF CARBON MONXIDE:
CHERRY RED COLOR OF FACE (SASSA GURL)
49
Considered as Super Toxic Substance because it is fast acting meaning kung ma expose ka, it could result to death in less than an hour
CYANIDE
50
Component of insecticides and rodenticides (like Baygon). It’s a common suicidal agent
CYANIDE
51
Cyanide can exist either as a (3)
1. SOLID
2. GAS
3. IN SOLUTION
52
Exposure of Cyanide :
inhalation, ingestion, and transdermal absorption
53
It expresses its toxicity by binding to the iron-containing substances in the body (e.g, hemoglobin, cytochrome) can be affected by ______poisoning and ________poisoning
CYANIDE POISONING
CARVON MONOXIDE POISONING
54
If mobind siya with the iron in the hemoglobin and cytochrome, it will lead to _____ or _____
CELLULAR OR TISSUE HYPOXIA
55
It will also prevent formation of ATP for energy.
CYANIDE
56
When cyanide reaches the cells, it binds with _______, a subunit of the cytochrome oxidase complex.
CYTOCHROME A3
57
Effect of Cyanide:
Blocking the oxygen and preventing the cell from being able to use it.
58
Indication of Toxicity of CYANIDE:
Odor of bitter almonds in the breath, altered mental status
59
ANTIDOTES OF CYANIDE :
1. 2-STEP STRATEGY
2. 1- STEP STRATEGY
60
2- STEP STRATEGY OF CYANIDE:
1. OXIDANTS (amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite)
2. SODIIM THIOSULFATE
61
1- STEP STATEGY OF CYANIDE
Hydroxocobalamin (most common because it’s just one step)
62
_______binds with cyanide to form nonotoxic cyanocobalamin, which is then excreted in the urine.
HYDROXOCOBALAMINE
63
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN EFFECT:
The cell is able to use oxygen again.
64
Siya ang mobind kay cyanide para dili maka bind sa cytochrome.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN
65
All ______ can be toxic if ingested in large quantities (especially in their ionized forms
METALS
66
(4) METALS GIVEN
1. MERCURY
2. ARSENIC
3. LEAD
4. CADMIUM
67
Elemental, mercurous, mercuric and alkyl mercury
MERCURY
68
Exposure OF MERCURY (5)
1. INHALATION
2. INGESTION
3. CUTANEOUS
4. TATTOO
5. DENTAL AMALGAMS
69
Has this unique ability of being able to amalgamate (able to mix or merge with other substances
MERCURY
70
Considered to be potent enzyme inhibitor
MERCURY
71
What is the mechanism of action of MERCURY?
Binds to Sulfhydryl Group of Protein
72
Mercury inhibits catecholamines such as:
1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
73
SAMPLE USED IN MERCURR TESTING (2)
1. WHOLE BLOOD
2. 24 HOUR URINE
74
WHAT IS THE METHOD OF TESTING OF MERCURY TESTING
REINSCH TEST
75
ANTIDOTE USED FOR MERCURY TOXICITY
GASTRIC LAVAGE (Ipasuka or Icleanse ang imong stomach)
76
HIGH TOXICITY OF MERCURY
MERCUTY POISONING
77
IT IS CAUSED BY ELEMENTAL MERCURY
ACRODYNIA "PINK DISEASE"
78
- Pain
- Pink Discoloration
ACRODYNIA "PINK DISEASE"
79
IT IS CAUSED BY ALKYL MERCURY
MINAMATA DISEASE
80
- Ataxia
- Impairment of Speech and Hearing
MINAMATA DISEASE
81
Remember that if mainhale (MERCURY) or maabsorb nimo siya through the skin, it could pass thru the ____________ which is delikado, pwede siya moaccumulate in the Central Nervous System.
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
82
Also, the presence of mercury in the blood may result to loss of ________ which is sa kidney nimo.
GLOMERULAR INTEGRITY
83
Found in pesticides, weed killer and some paints.
ARSENIC
84
Component of ant poison, rodenticides, pain and metal alloys.
ARSENIC
85
Mechanism of Action(ARSENIC): Binds to the __________ of Hgb throughout the body (able to cross the placenta, maka adto sa fetus).
SULFHYDRYL GROUP
86
EXPOSURE OF ARSENIC (2)
1. INGESTION
2. INHALATION
87
COMPONENTS OF ARSENIC:
1. Inorganic (Soil & Sediments in the Water)
2. Organic (Fish & Shellfish)
3. Arsine Gas (Most Toxic)
88
SPECIMEN USED FOR ARSENIC TESTING (2)
1. BLOOD
2. URINE
89
______are for short term assessment, acute toxicity (2)
1. BLOOD
2. URINE
90
LONG TERM ASSESMENT OF ARSENIC (2)
1. HAIR
2. NAILS (EXHIBIT LINES)
91
INDICATION OF TOXICITY OF ARSENIC
1. ODOR OF GARLIC
2. METALLIC TASTE IN THE MOUTH
92
(2) METHOD OF TESTING OF ARSENIC
1. Reinsch Test
2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS
93
ANTIDOTE OF ARSENIC:
British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) it will trigger extreme vomiting
94
Famous due to news about toys from a certain country contains a ____ in their paint
LEAD
95
Potent enzyme inhibitor; ________ is the first compound in the Porphyrin Synthesis (which is ang molead sa Heme).
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID
96
FOUND IN Paint/ Soil/Gasoline
LEAD
97
EXPOSURE OF LEAD (2)
1. Respiratory (Inhalation) or
2. GI (Ingestion)
98
Symptoms: Child/Adult
Attach to RBC
LEAD
99
(SPECIFIC) SPECIMEN USED FOR LEAD
VENOUS BLOOD ; EDTA
100
Indication of Toxicity: Basophilic Stippling, ALA and Porphyrin in the urine
LEAD
101
It is a significant environmental pollutant due to batteries, there should be a proper disposal sa mga batteries sa cellphones before like sa Nokia kay possible magleak ang cadmium then maadto sa environment
CADMIUM
102
Manufacture of batteries, metal plating, plastic
CADMIUM
103
EXPOSURE OF CADMIUM
1. Inhalation (damage to the Type 1 Epithelial Cells in your lungs and madecrease ang bacterial resistance to infection),
2. Ingested (damage the tubules of the kidneys)
104
Mechanism of action: Binds to RBC
CADMIUM (SAME WITH LEAD)
105
Higher in females due to differences in iron stores (There is increase _____ or those who are Iron Deficient)
CADMIUM
106
SPECIMEN USED FOR CADMIUM (2)
1. URINE
2. WHOLE BLOOD
107
"PROTEINURIA" INDICATION WHAT TYPE OF METAL
CADMIUM
108
Most all Drugs of Abuse are Amine derivatives with Benzine Ring, and most of this DOA, ilang effect is in the neurotransmitter system; ila awat-awaton si _______
DOPAMINE
109
(11) DRUGS GIVEN AND BEING ABUSED:
1. AMPHETAMINES
2. ANNABOLIC STEROIDS
3. CANNABINOIDS (MARIJUANA)
4. COCAINE
5. OPIATES
6. PHECYCLIDINE
7. SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS
8. LSD (LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE)
9. MATHAQUALONE
10. PIPERAZINES
11. TRYPTAMINES
110
Used therapeutically for Narcolepsy and ADHD; Gina abuse lang and some kay modified form which is called DESIGNER DRUG
AMPHETAMINES
111
Designer Drug examples:
Ecstacy (MDMA), (MDEA)
112
Effect: cause the release of dopamine from the brain leading to a pleasant feeling
AMPHETAMINES
113
During amphetamine testing if nag drink ug ________ si patient it could lead to false-positive reaction.
ANTIHISTAMINE
114
Chemically related to testosterone because these are performance enhancing drugs.
ANNABOLIC STEROIDS
115
Bawal ni siya because it will improve the athletic performance of an athlete by increasing the muscle mass
ANNABOLIC STEROIDS
116
Naturally occurring cannabinoids which is found in the plant
CANNABINOIDS (MARIJUANA)
117
MJ IS FOUND IN PLANT "___"
CANNABIS SATIVA
118
Most potent component (CANNABINOIDS)
1. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - DETECTED IN URINE
2. THC-COOH (11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
119
Hallucinogen – cause
HALLUCINATIONS
120
Cannabinoids is detected in the urine within ______(1) ; if chronic user, ___(2) weeks
1. 3-5 days
2. 4 weeks
121
From a coca plant, used for a local anesthetic pero gina abuse
COCAINE
122
Can easily pass the placenta, and mammary gland
COCAINE
123
If nag cocaine ang mama while breastfeeding, pwede mapunta sa bata and it could lead to _________or slow mental development.
MENTAL RETARDATION
124
The urinary metabolite for cocaine is __________which is the specific and sensitive indicator of cocaine in the urine drug test
BENZOYLECGONINE
125
Capable of analgesia sedation and also anesthesia, they are derived from Opium Poppy.
OPIATES
126
(3) NATURALLY OCCURING OPIATES
1. OPIUM
2. MORPHINE
3. CODEINE
127
Very common form of Opiates
MORPHINE
128
form of opiates used as antitussive, it can suppress coughing
CODEINE
129
(3) CHEMICALLY MODIFIED FORM OF OPIATES
1. HEROIN
2. OXYCOLONE
3. HYDROMORPHONE
130
form of Opiates that is famous and highly addictive and can also cross the Blood Brain barrier which there could be elevated levels of _____ the CNS),
HEROIN
131
is the metabolite of your urine which is also a powerful analgesic
MORPHINE
132
Both the_______ and _____ can affect the liver and the pancreatic enzymes.
MORPHINE AND HEROIN
133
also known as "Angel Dust" or "Angel Hair"
PHENCYCLIDINE
134
- Depressant or stimulant
- Hallucinogenic effect
- Has anesthetic effect
PHENCYCLIDINE
135
They have therapeutic role because they can be used as a central nervous system depressant (it slows down the activity of the central nervous system)
SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS
136
SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS Example (2)
1. BARBITURATES
2. BENZODIAZEPINE
137
Example of Sedative Hypnotics that are the sedative and the sleep-inducing drug
BARBITURATES
138
Example of Sedative Hypnotics which are depressants
BENZODIAZEPINE
139
Very toxic if sabayan ug alcoholic drinks (which is a deadly combination)
SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS
140
From the ergot alkaloids of the fungus Claviceps purpurea
- Most potent pharmacologic material
- Hallucinogen
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
141
LSD is from rom the ergot alkaloids of the fungus
CLAVICEPS PURPUREA
142
- Has sedative hypnotic effect
- Hallucinogens
METHAQUALONE
143
- Produce pleasant feeling similar to the amphetamines and marijuana
PIPERAZINES
144
- Derivatives of serotonin
- Present in plants
- Hallucinogens
TRYPTAMINES
145
METHOD USED IN DRUG TESTING
Chromatography (Thin-layer Chromatography)
146
SPECIMEN USED IN DRUG TESTING
URINE
147
noninvasive and very easy to collect, no pain or discomfort, large volume, drugs and other metabolites are present in higher concentration in ____
URINE
148
DRUG TEST ARE AFFECTED BY
1. Presence of detergents (it could lead to alkaline pH or urine)
2. Sodium chloride (low specific gravity, high pH)
3. Diluted or alkaline urine (false negative)
4. Hematuria (presence of blood in the urine)
149
Drugs can be detected about _____ hours after use sa urine up to 3 weeks
12 HOURS
150
Most are cleared in ____(Most drugs are not detectable up to 5 days)
2-5 DAYS
151
Drug detection in the ____has longer positivity
HAIR
152
(2) KITS USED
1. DROP TEST
2. DIP TEST
153
Common CNS depressant
ALCOHOL
154
- Skill thought/attention diminishes
- Ability to hear and see decreases
- Time perception is distorted
- Speed of moving objects is distorted
ALCOHOL
155
Most common abuse nga alcohol/Major substance abuse problem
ETHANOL
156
Principle pharmacologic function:
▪ CNS depressant
▪ Increases heart rate and blood pressure
ETHANOL
157
Readily absorb in the GI tract and it will easily diffuse in the tissues
ETHANOL
158
ETHANOL R.O.P
▪ Absorbed in the GI tract
▪ Absorbed by inhalation of vapors
159
PRINCIPLE OF ETHANOL:
ALCOHOL - ADH- ALDEHYDE- ALDH- ACID
160
Major routes of ethanol disposal:
converted by the liver (elevation of liver enzymes) (%)
90%-98%
161
Major routes of ethanol disposal:
Perspiration and respiration with the lung (%)
0.5%-1.5%
162
excreted by the kidney
Remainder
163
SPECIMEN USED IN ETHANOL :
Serum (because it reflects the concentration of ethanol in the brain)
164
When we collect test, do not use alcohol as _______. Specimen must be capped at all times para dli moevaporate si alcohol.
DISINFECTANT
165
Methods of Testing for this and other alcohols is through ______
ENZYMATIC
166
MOST PREFERABLE REAGENT IN ALCOHOL TESTING
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
167
TESTS USED IN ALCHOL DETERMINATION (2)
1. GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
2. ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION
168
- Major components of paints, varnishes, and paint removers
- Ingestion leads to formation of formaldehyde and formic acid
- Common sa street kids nga nay ginasimhot
METHANOL
169
- Common form: rubbing alcohol
- Twice the CNS depressant as ethanol but not as toxic as methanol
ISOPROPANOL
170
ISOPROPANOL is converted to _____ by the ADH
ACETONE
