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Toxicology > Toxicology Basics > Flashcards

Toxicology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is xenobiotic?

A

-Foreign chemical to the body
- Not produced by the body or expected to be there.

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2
Q

What is a toxicant?

A

Substance that interferes with the normal functions of the body.

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3
Q

What is a toxin?

A

Toxicant produced by a living organism.

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4
Q

What is NOEL?

A

No observable effect level

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5
Q

What is NOAEL

A

No observable adverse effect level

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6
Q

What is LOEL?

A

Lowest observable effect level

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7
Q

What is LOAEL

A

Lowest observable adverse effect level

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8
Q

What is an acute exposure?

A

Exposures over a short period of time (minutes to hours)

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9
Q

What is a sub-chronic exposure?

A

Exposures of medium duration (days to weeks or months)

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10
Q

What is a chronic exposure?

A

Exposures over a long period of time (years)

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11
Q

What are acute effects?

A

Immediate effects from exposure

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12
Q

What are chronic effects?

A

Effects only noticed after a long exposure

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13
Q

What is a latency period?

A

Amount of time between first exposure and onset of disease

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14
Q

What are the acute effects of carbon tetrachloride?

A

Central nervous system - excitability, dizziness, narcosis, headache, weakness, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting

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15
Q

What are the chronic effects of carbon tetrachloride?

A

Liver and kidney damage

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16
Q

What are system toxicity effects?

A

Adverse effects affecting whole system within the body. Example: organic solvents effect kidneys and liver.

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17
Q

What is local toxicity?

A

Adverse effect affecting solely site of exposure. Example: organic solvents may cause dermatitis.

18
Q

What are additive effects?

A

Effect of two separate chemicals acting independently is additive.
2 + 2 = 4

19
Q

What is an antagonistic effect?

A

Chemicals interfere with effects of each other.
2 + (-1) = 1
Example- antidote to poisons

20
Q

What is a synergistic effect?

A

Total effects of separate chemicals is greater than individual effects.
2 + 2 = 10

21
Q

What is a potentiating effect?

A

A substance that normally has no toxic effect becomes toxic in the presence of another substance
2 + 0 = 10

22
Q

What is in vitro?

A

Experiments in an artificial environment

23
Q

What is in vivo?

A

Experiments in the living organism.

24
Q

Hepatoxic

A

Affects the liver

25
Q

Nephrotoxic

A

Toxic to kidneys

26
Q

Neurotoxic

A

Toxic to nerves

27
Q

Hematotoxicity

A

Toxic to blood

28
Q

Teratogen

A

Causes the malformation of embryo

29
Q

Genotoxin

A

Acts directly by altering DNA

30
Q

Epigenetic

A

Does not act directly on genetic material

31
Q

Ototoxicity

A

Inner ear damage that develops as a side effect of a certain drug / medication - makes people more susceptible to the harmful effects of noise

32
Q

Lung inflammation

A

Pneumonitis

33
Q

Lung scarring

A

Fibrosis

34
Q

Narcosis

A

A state of stupor, drowsiness, or unconsciousness produced by drugs

35
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Encephalopathy is a group of conditions that cause brain dysfunction. Brain dysfunction can appear as confusion, memory loss, personality changes and/or coma in the most severe form.

36
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Peripheral neuropathy is an umbrella term for nerve diseases. Symptoms can include motor symptoms, sensory symptoms, and autonomic symptoms.

Motor Symptoms
muscle weakness and paralysis, muscle atrophy, uncontrolled muscle movements,

Sensory Symptoms
Tingling, numbness, imbalance and clumsiness, pain

Autonomic Symptoms
Blood pressure changes, sweating too much or not enough, bowel and bladder problems, sexual dysfunction, other symptoms

37
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Hyperkeratosis is a condition that causes your skin to thicken in certain places

38
Q

Siderosis

A

Siderosis is a pigmentation of the lung due to iron oxide exposure. The pigmentation can be marked but there seems to be no physical detriment.

39
Q

Byssinosis

A

Byssinosis is a rare lung disease. It’s caused by inhaling hemp, flax, and cotton particles and is sometimes referred to as brown lung disease. It’s a form of occupational asthma

40
Q

What are antineoplastic drugs?

A

Antineoplastic drugs are medications used to treat cancer. Other names for antineoplastic drugs are anticancer, chemotherapy, chemo, cytotoxic, or hazardous drugs.

41
Q

Cocarcinogen

A

An agent that aggravates the carcinogenic effects of another substance

Toxicology (5 decks)

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