Toxicology Basics

Question 1

What is xenobiotic?

Answer 1

-Foreign chemical to the body
- Not produced by the body or expected to be there.

Question 2

What is a toxicant?

Answer 2

Substance that interferes with the normal functions of the body.

Question 3

What is a toxin?

Answer 3

Toxicant produced by a living organism.

Question 4

What is NOEL?

Answer 4

No observable effect level

Question 5

What is NOAEL

Answer 5

No observable adverse effect level

Question 6

What is LOEL?

Answer 6

Lowest observable effect level

Question 7

What is LOAEL

Answer 7

Lowest observable adverse effect level

Question 8

What is an acute exposure?

Answer 8

Exposures over a short period of time (minutes to hours)

Question 9

What is a sub-chronic exposure?

Answer 9

Exposures of medium duration (days to weeks or months)

Question 10

What is a chronic exposure?

Answer 10

Exposures over a long period of time (years)

Question 11

What are acute effects?

Answer 11

Immediate effects from exposure

Question 12

What are chronic effects?

Answer 12

Effects only noticed after a long exposure

Question 13

What is a latency period?

Answer 13

Amount of time between first exposure and onset of disease

Question 14

What are the acute effects of carbon tetrachloride?

Answer 14

Central nervous system - excitability, dizziness, narcosis, headache, weakness, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting

Question 15

What are the chronic effects of carbon tetrachloride?

Answer 15

Liver and kidney damage

Question 16

What are system toxicity effects?

Answer 16

Adverse effects affecting whole system within the body. Example: organic solvents effect kidneys and liver.

Question 17

What is local toxicity?

Answer 17

Adverse effect affecting solely site of exposure. Example: organic solvents may cause dermatitis.

Question 18

What are additive effects?

Answer 18

Effect of two separate chemicals acting independently is additive.
2 + 2 = 4

Question 19

What is an antagonistic effect?

Answer 19

Chemicals interfere with effects of each other.
2 + (-1) = 1
Example- antidote to poisons

Question 20

What is a synergistic effect?

Answer 20

Total effects of separate chemicals is greater than individual effects.
2 + 2 = 10

Question 21

What is a potentiating effect?

Answer 21

A substance that normally has no toxic effect becomes toxic in the presence of another substance
2 + 0 = 10

Question 22

What is in vitro?

Answer 22

Experiments in an artificial environment

Question 23

What is in vivo?

Answer 23

Experiments in the living organism.

Question 24

Hepatoxic

Answer 24

Affects the liver

Question 25

Nephrotoxic

Answer 25

Toxic to kidneys

Question 26

Neurotoxic

Answer 26

Toxic to nerves

Question 27

Hematotoxicity

Answer 27

Toxic to blood

Question 28

Teratogen

Answer 28

Causes the malformation of embryo

Question 29

Genotoxin

Answer 29

Acts directly by altering DNA

Question 30

Epigenetic

Answer 30

Does not act directly on genetic material

Question 31

Ototoxicity

Answer 31

Inner ear damage that develops as a side effect of a certain drug / medication - makes people more susceptible to the harmful effects of noise

Question 32

Lung inflammation

Answer 32

Pneumonitis

Question 33

Lung scarring

Answer 33

Fibrosis

Question 34

Narcosis

Answer 34

A state of stupor, drowsiness, or unconsciousness produced by drugs

Question 35

Encephalopathy

Answer 35

Encephalopathy is a group of conditions that cause brain dysfunction. Brain dysfunction can appear as confusion, memory loss, personality changes and/or coma in the most severe form.

Question 36

Peripheral neuropathy

Answer 36

Peripheral neuropathy is an umbrella term for nerve diseases. Symptoms can include motor symptoms, sensory symptoms, and autonomic symptoms. Motor Symptoms muscle weakness and paralysis, muscle atrophy, uncontrolled muscle movements, Sensory Symptoms Tingling, numbness, imbalance and clumsiness, pain Autonomic Symptoms Blood pressure changes, sweating too much or not enough, bowel and bladder problems, sexual dysfunction, other symptoms

Question 37

Hyperkeratosis

Answer 37

Hyperkeratosis is a condition that causes your skin to thicken in certain places

Question 38

Siderosis

Answer 38

Siderosis is a pigmentation of the lung due to iron oxide exposure. The pigmentation can be marked but there seems to be no physical detriment.

Question 39

Byssinosis

Answer 39

Byssinosis is a rare lung disease. It's caused by inhaling hemp, flax, and cotton particles and is sometimes referred to as brown lung disease. It's a form of occupational asthma

Question 40

What are antineoplastic drugs?

Answer 40

Antineoplastic drugs are medications used to treat cancer. Other names for antineoplastic drugs are anticancer, chemotherapy, chemo, cytotoxic, or hazardous drugs.

Question 41

Cocarcinogen

Answer 41

An agent that aggravates the carcinogenic effects of another substance