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Toxicology > Types of Toxins / Toxicants > Flashcards

Types of Toxins / Toxicants Flashcards

1
Q

List reproductive toxins

A
  • Drugs
  • Radiation
  • Infections
  • Alcohol
  • Toluene
  • Cigarette smoking
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2
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Substances that cause birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus.

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3
Q

What are examples of teratogens?

A
  • Thalidomide
  • Accutane
  • Alcohol
  • Lead
  • Mercury
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4
Q

What are different types of skin irritants?

A
  • Chemical agents
  • Physical agents
  • Biological agents
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5
Q

List carcinogens

A
  • Aflatoxins
  • Arsenic
  • Asbestos
  • Benzene
  • Beryllium
  • Coal tars
  • Ethylene oxide
  • Formaldehyde
  • Nickel compounds
  • Radon
  • Trichloroethylene
  • Vinyl chloride
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6
Q

What are different harmful metals?

A
  • Arsenic
  • Beryllium
  • Cadmium
  • Chromium
  • Cobalt
  • Lead
  • Manganese
  • Mercury
  • Nickel
  • Tin
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7
Q

What are examples of organic metals?

A
  • Tetraethyl lead
  • Dimethyl mercury
  • Dimethyl tin
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8
Q

What are examples of organic solvents?

A
  • Carbon disulfide
  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
  • Pentane
  • Hexane
  • Methylene chloride
  • Carbon tetrachloride
  • Acetone
  • Methyl isobutyl ketone
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9
Q

Organic solvents target what parts of the body?

A
  • Nervous system
  • Kidneys
  • Liver
  • Skin
  • Bone marrow (benzene)
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10
Q

What are examples of neurotoxic substances?

A
  • Solvents
  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
  • Organic materials
  • Heavy metals
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11
Q

What are examples of nephrotoxic substances?

A
  • Cadmium
  • Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform metabolized to phosgene in kidneys
  • Halogenated hydrocarbons
  • Lead
  • Tetraethyl lead
  • Trichloroethylene
  • Toluene
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12
Q

What are examples of hepatotoxic substances?

A
  • Acetaminophen
  • Alcohols
  • Arsenic
  • Carbon tetrachloride
  • Vinyl chloride
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13
Q

What are examples of cardiovascular toxic substances?

A
  • Aromatic solvents
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Chlorinated hydrocarbons
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14
Q

What is benzene?

A

The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon that is a carcinogen (leukemia)

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15
Q

What are benzene exposure routes?

A

Inhalation, skin absorption

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16
Q

How do dusts, mists, and fibers affect the lungs?

A

They impair the gas exchange function of the alveoli; damaged cells may develop cancer.

17
Q

What are examples of biological pneumoconiosis?

A
  • Cotton dust: byssinosis
  • Moldy sugarcane: bagassosis
  • Gum of acacia: printer’s asthma
18
Q

What is asbestos?

A

The four types of asbestos are chyrsotile, amosite, crocodolite, and tremolite. Used in commercial fire insulation. Still used in brake manufacturing.

19
Q

What are examples of simple asphyxiants?

A

They displace oxygen in the atmosphere.
- Nitrogen
- Argon
- Helium

20
Q

What are examples of chemical asphyxiants?

A

They prevent oxygen from reaching the cells
- Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Cyanides
- Hydrogen sulfide

21
Q

What are examples of organophosphates?

A

Parathion and malathion

22
Q

How to organophosphates impact the body?

A

They interfere with cholinesterase. Causes erratic signals from nerve endings. Symptoms include twitching, weakness, tremors. May be reversible if treated quickly.

23
Q

What are organochlorines?

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

24
Q

What are characteristics of organophosphates?

A
  • Stored in body fat
  • Nonpolar, lipid soluble
  • Hepatoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic
25
Q

What are the different types of alcohols?

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Isopropyl alcohol
  • Butyl alcohol
26
Q

What are examples of halogens?

A
  • Fluorine
  • Chlorine
  • Bromine
  • Iodine
27
Q

What are examples of common acids and bases?

A
  • Sulfuric acid
  • Nitric acid
  • Hydrofluoric acid
  • Sodium hydroxide
  • Potassium hydroxide
  • Calcium oxide

Toxicology (5 decks)

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