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POD :( > Toxicology Mechanism of Actions > Flashcards

Toxicology Mechanism of Actions Flashcards

1
Q

ionophore MOA

A

bind and transport cations down concentration gradients -> uncontrolled ion transport leading to electrolyte imbalances -> loss of ATP in mitochondria -> cell death -> necrosis

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2
Q

nitrate MOA

A

rumen microbes convert nitrate -> nitrite -> ammonia

nitrite oxidizes Fe2+ -> Fe3+ -> methemoglobin -> hypoxia

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3
Q

NPN MOA

A

urea -> ammonia -> neuro signs

ATP depletion?

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4
Q

Na ion intoxiation/water deprivation MOA

A

rapid rehydration -> edema -> increased intracranial pressure -> decreased perfusion -> ischemia/necrosis/PEM

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5
Q

sulfur MOA

A

converted to hydrogen sulfite by ruminal microbes -> inhibit cytochrome C oxidase -> decreased ATP -> PEM

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6
Q

mycotoxins MOA

A

protein synthesis inhibitors

tremorgenic mycotoxins cross BBB -> block glycine and cause presynaptic Ach release

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7
Q

methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine) MOA

A

-increased intracellular Ca
-release of catecholamines

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8
Q

allium spp MOA

A

oxidative damage; disulfides, thiosulfate

Hb oxidation; heinz bodies, eccentrocytes

RBC + Na/K pump damage; hemolysis

methemoglobin; hypoxia

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9
Q

grape/raisin MOA

A

unknown. tartaric acid suspected

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10
Q

macadamia nut MOA

A

unknown

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11
Q

xylitol MOA

A

depletion of ATP -> oxidation damage from ROS

hypoglycemia -> liver necrosis

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12
Q

NSAID MOA

A

inhibition of COX enzymes -> decreased PG synthesis

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13
Q

marijuana MOA

A

CB1 and CB2 agonist

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14
Q

meth MOA

A

release catecholamines

inhibit monoamine esterase

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15
Q

lead MOA

A

gamma-aminolevulinic acid -> protoporphyrin

binds to RBCs and inhibits maturation = rubricytosis, basophilic stippling

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16
Q

copper MOA

A

hepatic injury / inflammation / fibrosis; RBC oxidation and hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperbilirubinuria, nephrosis

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17
Q

iron MOA

A

oxidative stress (fenton reaction) -> lesions in GI and liver

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18
Q

mercury MOA

A

reduced protein synthesis, lipid peroxidation (ROS), crosses BBB causing neuronal degeneration

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19
Q

arsenic MOA

A

trivalent/arsenite = interferes with krebs cycle

pentavalent/arsenate = uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

carbon monoxide MOA

A

forms carboxyhemoglobin = impaired cell respiration = loss of ATP = cell death

21
Q

organophosphates/carbamates MOA

A

cholinesterase inhibiting = facilitate ACh activity

22
Q

organochlorides MOA

A

endocrine disruptor

23
Q

pyrethrins and pyrethroid (botanicals) MOA

A

slow opening/closing of neuronal Na channels = continued depolarization = hyperexcitability

24
Q

neonicotinoids MOA

A

nAChR agonist = paralysis

25
anticoagulant rodenticides MOA
block vitamin K1 epoxide reductase = no reduction of vitamin K1 epoxide to vitamin K1 = no conversion of vitamin K dependent coagulants
26
bromethalin MOA
uncouples oxidative phosphorylation = decreased ATP = inhibits Na/K ATPase = increased intracellular Na = edema
27
choleocalciferol MOA
increased absorption of Ca and P = soft tissue mineralization
28
zinc phosphide MOA
inhibits cytochrome oxidase
29
strychnine MOA
blocks glycine in the CNS = unchecked reflexes = hyperexcitability to muscles
30
paraquat MOA
produces free radicals = lipid peroxidation, NADPH oxidation, mitochondrial damage
31
cyanogenic glycosides MOA
binds to cytochrome C oxidase and inhibits ETC = decreased ATP = cell death
32
toxic alkaloids MOA
neurotoxin
33
taxine alkaloids
depress cardiac conduction (inhibit Na and Ca channels)
34
cardiac glycosides MOA
inhibit Na/K ATPase = increased intracellular Ca = myocardial contraction interferes with cardiac conduction
35
dieffenbachia spp MOA
formulation of calcium oxalate crystals - GI irritation, salivation
36
lectins MOA
ricin and ricinin inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis
37
giant hogweed MOA
bonds chemically to epithelium when exposed to sunlight
38
st johns wort MOA
involves primary photosensitization
39
ragwort MOA
damages the liver
40
bracken fern MOA
BM suppression horses; thiaminase = thiamin deficiency cows; ptaquiloside = hematuria
41
red maple MOA
hemolysis
42
yellow star thistle MOA
neurotoxic
43
russian knapweed MOA
glutathione depletion = increased ROS = oxidative damage = neuron cell death inhibits dopamine release = parkinsons signs
44
lily MOA
renal tubular necrosis
45
black walnut MOA
laminitis
46
false hellebore MOA
involves cyclopamine (tetragenic alkaloid)

POD :( (13 decks)

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