Toxins

Question 1

what toxin causes a rapid release of insulin causing hypoglycemia?

Answer 1

Xylitol

Question 2

Latrodectus mectans and Latrodectus hesperus is what and what does it cause?

Answer 2

Black widow spider; causes acetylcholine to bind calcium channels and leads to ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves

p will be recumbent, vocalizing in pain with muscle spasms and death from respiratory/CV failure

Question 3

warfarin is a rodenticide and affects that coagulation factors?

Answer 3

Factors 2, 7, 9, 10 and PT will be prolonged first because the shortest half life is Factor 7 and is part of that pathway (extrinsic)

Question 4

what rodenticide toxin causes fatal hypercalcemia?

Answer 4

cholecalciferol

Question 5

what can we use to help correct the effects of ethylene glycol toxicity that we use in dogs but not cats?

Answer 5

4-MP (4- methylpyrazole)

Question 6

organophosphate toxicity MOA, CS, Tx

Answer 6

inhibits acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs such as hypersalivation, incoordination, and bloat

tx is atropine or 2-PAAM

Question 7

fleet enemas can cause high _____ which does what?

Answer 7

Phosphorus; which leads to decreased calcium and high sodium & potassium

tx with calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, and insulin and dextrose if there is severe hyperkalemia

Question 8

Strychine aka snail bait toxicity MOA, CS, and TX

Answer 8

competitively antagonizes action of glycine causing contractions of striated muscles, tx is methocarbamol

Question 9

chocolate toxicity

Answer 9

methylxanthines (theobromine which causes cardiac arrythmias and caffeine)
causes CNS excitement, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
the highest amounts of chocolate are in unsweetened baking chocolate

Question 10

acetominophen toxicity in cats

Answer 10

cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase which leads to methmeoglobinemia (dark brown blood) and heinz body anemia, tx with N-acetylcysteine

Question 11

tx of cats with acetominophen toxicity

Answer 11

N-acetylcysteine

Question 12

heinz body anemia causes

Answer 12

methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass toxicity, brassica family, zinc, acetaminophen in cats, onions, red maple leaves (in horses)

Question 13

onions cause ____ ______

Answer 13

hemolytic anemia (seen with hemoglobinuria and hemoglobinemia– Heinz body anemia occurs due to oxidative damage to RBC’s)

Question 14

what will we see with Acer rubrum toxicity in horses (red maple leaves)???

Answer 14

see icterus due to low oxygen content of the blood and colic

Question 15

what two things are common human food items but can cause renal failure in dogs and cats? What about household plant in cats?

Answer 15

raisins and grapes; in cats, the lilies esp. stargazer lily causes severe acute renal failure

Question 16

_______ affects PIGS (mostly) and is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by Fusarium causing hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy

Answer 16

Zealalenone

Question 17

what lesion does salt poisoning cause?

Answer 17

perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

Question 18

salt poisoning

Answer 18

causes perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

too much sodium in the blood causes increased osmolarity and water from the brain flows into the vasculature and causes hyperosmolar environment that draws water back into the brain, rehydrate them slowly

Question 19

copper toxicity occurs in _____ from eating _____ _____ often

Answer 19

seen in sheep/goats eating cattle grain

Question 20

copper toxicity is most common in what species?

Answer 20

Sheep

Question 21

chronic copper toxicity in sheep causes this famous sign:

Answer 21

gun metal blue kidneys

Question 22

what animal is very resistant to copper?

Answer 22

pigs

Question 23

hemolytic anemia in sheep causes ______, _____ and _______

Answer 23

methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria

Question 24

so gun metal blue kidneys and methoglobinemia occurs with chronic copper TOXICITY in sheep but what happens if there is a copper deficiency in sheep???

Answer 24

ataxia of lambs, swayback in young lambs (congenital), progressive ascending paralysis

Question 25

grass tetany/staggers

Answer 25

(LOW MAGNESIUM) cows in spring on lush pastures, stiff-legged, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, tremors, flailing just remove them from that pasture and they should get better also milk tetany in calves with too little Mg2+ LOW magnesium, high potassium and nitrogen

Question 26

moldy red clover aka _______ causes ______

Answer 26

Aka Slaframine causes hypersalivation

Question 27

oak leaves and acorns cause what in cattle but not horses? What does it cause in horses?

Answer 27

renal damage in cows but not horses; in horses causes hemorrhagic diarrhea, tenesmus (feeling like you need to poop but nothing comes out), colic, death

Question 28

what does tenesmus mean

Answer 28

feeling like you have to poop but nothing produced

Question 29

cantharidin aka blister beetle toxicity

Answer 29

COLICKING in horses, cardiovascular shock, endotoxic shock, renal failure, vesicles in mouth or tongue – watery diarrhea, neuro signs if live long enough Renal tubular damage (may see hematuria), cardiac arryhthmias Abrupt onset of colic, fever, hypersalivation, frequent urination, hematuria

Question 30

Claviceps purpura aka ______ is a parasitic fungus causing what? Where is it found?

Answer 30

aka ergotism; found on rye, oats, wheat, and KY bluegrass; causes alkaloids which causes vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene, colic, overall GI signs *you will find ergot in the grain!!!*

Question 31

Blue green algae is a toxin absorbed through mucous membranes causes post-synaptic depolarizing block causing what CS?

Answer 31

Ptyalism, bradycardia, miosis, diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, and death-- can die within minutes

Question 32

nightshade toxins cause _____ signs

Answer 32

CNS

Question 33

water hemlock LEAVES cause what CS?

Answer 33

Gran mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, birth defects (similar to lupine toxicity)

Question 34

perennial ryegrass causes what CS as a result of activating what? RYEGRASS STAGGERS

Answer 34

Causes ataxia and tremors as a result of activating GABA receptors RYE GRASS STAGGERS

Question 35

lead poisoning can be from what common item?

Answer 35

contaminated petroleum products

Question 36

lead poisoning TX

Answer 36

TX- use calcium EDTA to chelate it

Question 37

Sorghum causes what famous lesion?

Answer 37

myelomalacia of lower SC

Question 38

yellow star thistle causes what famous lesion???

Answer 38

Nicropallidal encephalomalacia

Question 39

what are the CS of yellow star thistle from Nicropallidal encephalomalacia???

Answer 39

loss of ability to prehend food, GRAVE prognosis, euth rec.

Question 40

what are the different reproductive toxins?

Answer 40

-False helbore -Locoweeds -Fescue -Lupine -Ponderosa needles

Question 41

False helbore aka ____ ____ has what teratrogen causing cyclopia, anophthalmos, celft palate, and metacarpal hypoplasia

Answer 41

aka ventrum californicum; has a teratogen called cyclopamine

Question 42

locoweeds cause what birth defects?

Answer 42

abortions, weak lambs, bent legs and neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation

Question 43

what weeds are reproductive toxins that are most commonly seen in the west with very dry conditions in the Rocky Mtns for example???

Answer 43

Locoweeds

Question 44

lupine reproductive toxicity causing

Answer 44

crooked calf disease from arthrogyposis, malpositioning in the uterus, and cleft palate

Question 45

what is the dopamine agonist called in fescue that causes decreased prolactin, prolonged gestation, agalactiae, thickened placenta, dystocia, and weak or stillborn foals???

Answer 45

Ergopeptine alkaloids

Question 46

what reproductive toxin causes abortions in the LAST trimester and retained placenta???

Answer 46

Ponderosa pine needles

Question 47

what toxin causes coagulopathy issues in the sense that it causes bone marrow suppression, hematuria, and polio

Answer 47

bracken fern

Question 48

bracken fern contains what neurotoxins?

Answer 48

contains toxic glycosides (Ptaquiloside) and thiaminase

Question 49

bracken fern causes polio in cattle moreso than in horses T/F

Answer 49

False, causes polioencephalomalacia moreso in horses than in cattle

Question 50

cyanide toxicity

Answer 50

bright red mucous membranes, cyanide will block cellular respiration and oxidative transport, bitter almond smell to the GI tract

Question 51

tx for cyanide toxicity

Answer 51

sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrate, methylene blue

Question 52

what two things cause cherry red mucous membranes in large animal?

Answer 52

Cyanide and carbon monoxide

Question 53

Nitrates cause blood to be ____ in color

Answer 53

brown

Question 54

moldy sweet clover is a _____ ____ _______

Answer 54

vitamin K antagonist

Question 55

moldy sweet clover contains ______ which does what???

Answer 55

dicumarol that acts as a vit K antagonist (like Warfarin rodenticide) so causes hemorrhage and prolonged PT time

Question 56

what are all of the cardiac toxins?

Answer 56

milkweed, gossypol (in cottonseeds), oleander, rhododendron, foxglove, white snakeroot, ionophores in horses

Question 57

ionophores aka monensin aka coccidiostats used in cattle are toxic to horses and cause.....

Answer 57

myocardial necrosis and DCM tx with emptying the GI tract, mineral oil, and activated charcoal with fluid therapy

Question 58

what are the pulmonary toxins???

Answer 58

Perilla mint, moldy sweet potatoes, brassica plants

Question 59

what causes type 1 pneumocyte and bronchial epithelial cells to be compromised causing atypical interstitial pneumonia with permanent fibrosis of the lungs as an end results?

Answer 59

Perilla mint (which contains 4-ipomeanol and causes atypical interstitial pneumonia)

Question 60

brassica plants are respiratory toxins and include what plants?

Answer 60

rape, kale, turnips

Question 61

brassica plants cause what in cattle?

Answer 61

Cause fog fever (acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema, grunting and cyanosis) APEE

Question 62

what is the agent in brassica plants that makes them such bad respiratory toxins?

Answer 62

tryptophan which is converted to 3-methyl-indole (3-MI)

Question 63

A 6 y/o cow was moved onto lush pasture and now has frothy nasal discharge with SubQ emphysema, loud coughing and open mouth breathing with crackles and wheezes. You diagnose it with interstitial pneumonia. What is at the top of the ddx list?

Answer 63

Brassica plant causing fog fever via tryptophan which is converted to 3-methyl-indole

Question 64

what are the hepatic toxins?

Answer 64

pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aflatoxins

Question 65

Pyyrolizidine alkaloids aka fiddleneck, common groundsel, ragwort, senecio CS and Diagnosis

Answer 65

Inhibit mitosis of hepatocytes so can’t multiple – acute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, icterus Diagnostic = megalocytosis, periportal fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia May also see secondary photosensitization = sunburned white areas on skin

Question 66

Aflatoxin is a ____ causing similar lesions to pyrrolidizine alkaloids and is primarily found where?

Answer 66

mycotoxin; is primarily found in moldy grains

Question 67

aflatoxins are mycotoxins that cause subacute ______ necrosis/fibrosis

Answer 67

hepatic