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GCSE revision flashcards > TP Paper 2 (Edexcel IGCSE Religious Studies) > Flashcards

TP Paper 2 (Edexcel IGCSE Religious Studies) Flashcards

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1
Q

Overview of the Old Testament?

A

Scriptures shared with Jewish faith about relationships (covenants) with God, seen to be fulfilled in promised ‘Messiah’

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2
Q

Overview of Torah

A

Hebrew for Law: first 5 books of Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) present key teachings of OT

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3
Q

Overview of Nevi’im

A

Hebrew for prophets, including narrative prophets (Joshua, Samuel, Kings) and latter prophets (Isiah) -> call us to live in a godly way

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4
Q

Overview of Ketuvim

A

Hebrew for writings, poetic meditations of Psalms, Proverbs and Job, reflecting upon our relation ship with God

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5
Q

Overview of the New Testament

A

Uniquely Christian scriptures concerning incarnation and vision of ‘Kingdom of God as it is in heaven’

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6
Q

Overview of the Gospels

A

4 accounts of Jesus’s life focused on crucifixion (Matthew, Mark, Luke and John)

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7
Q

Overview of acts of the apostles

A

History of early church after ascension of Christ, written by Luke

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8
Q

Overview of Letters and Book of Revelations

A

Letters written by Church leaders on how to follow Christ and lead a godly life -> Revelations prophesises the General resurrection and judgement at end time

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9
Q

Canon

A

texts someone should have read for a subject

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10
Q

Christian definition of Canon

A

agreed texts for knowing God in Christ

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11
Q

What parts of the Bible did Martin Luther reject?

A

deuter-canonical books of Old Testament , since they did not have Hebrew origins, referring to them as apocrypha (useful and good to read but not not considered equal to Holy Scriptures)

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12
Q

When did the RCC allow for Bible readings to be in the vernacular?

A

after the 2nd Vatican Council (1962-5)

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13
Q

What is the Old Testament made up of?

A

24 books of the Jewish Hebrew scriptures as well as the Deuterocanonical books

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14
Q

Which part of the Old Testament has the greatest authority?

A

The torah

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15
Q

Genesis

A

key teachings such as creation of world (Genesis 1 and 2), the flood and Noah’s ark (Genesis 9), beginning of the people of God with Abraham (Genesis 17) and Joseph saving them (Genesis 37-450

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16
Q

Exodus

A

describes Jews being freed from slavery in Egypt under direction of Moses and their being given 10 commandments on Mount Sinai (Exodus 20)

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17
Q

Leviticus

A

Describes practices of moral and ritual purification

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18
Q

Numbers

A

describes the suffering of the people of God and failure to be grateful to God

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19
Q

Deuteronomy

A

farewell address by Moses to the Israelites before they enter promised land of Canaan

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20
Q

The Prophets

A

Second greatest importance in OT -> Former prophets (Joshua, Judges and Samuel) continue narrative after death of Moses, Latter Prophets challenge Jews to live more godly life (Isiah, Jeremiah, Amos and Hosea)

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21
Q

The Ketuvim (‘Writings’)

A

Third important in OT -> stories to deepen understanding of God - Psalms are songs of coming to know God, attributed to King Solomon, Book of Job meditation of evil and how it is impossible for us to explain why it exists, Proverbs are sayings about how to live

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22
Q

What are the gospels?

A

central authority in Bible as they present life of God that Christians called to share in

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23
Q

What are the Synoptic Gospels?

A

3 accounts of Jesus’ life by Matthew, Mark and Luke, each agree in presenting Jesus’ teachings in terms of parables about ‘kingdom of God’ with different focuses

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24
Q

Matthew’s Gospel

A

focuses on how Jesus is fulfilment of Jewish prophecy

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25
Mark's Gospel
focuses on drama of Jesus' ministry
26
Luke's Gospel
focus on Jesus' ministry to those
27
4th Gospel (John's Gospel)
presents Jesus' teachings in terms of 'I am' sayings
28
'I am the way, the truth and the life'
John 14
29
'I am the vine; you are the branches'
John 15
30
'I am the good shepherd... I lay down my life for the sheep'
John 10
31
Acts of the Apostles (less significant than gospels)
Written by Luke, describes early history of Christian Church -> presenting apostles coming to share in power that Jesus did on day of Pentecost
32
The Letters (less significant than Acts of the Apostles)
written by Church leaders guiding Christian communities on how to lead lives faithful to God
33
Letters to Romans and Galatians
make 'justification by faith' rather than 'justification by works' -> we must share in God's life revealed in Christ by living lives of faith
34
Book of Revelations
vision of the end time (eschaton) in which there is 'second coming' of Jesus (parousia) where we all receive spiritual bodies
35
'In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God'
John 1 - 'word' claimed to be eternal, existing before creation
36
'new covenant'
Mark 14 - the eternal 'word' revealed in 'covenants', fulfilled 'new covenants'
37
Mark 14 - 'new covenant'
reveals not just message of God but character of God in Christ
38
'And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us full of grace and truth'
John 1
39
'All scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness'
2 Timothy 3 - Bible is recorded word of God, allows us to understand both eternal word and historical word of Christ
40
What do Catholics and Baptists see the Bible to be?
'infallible' (completely trustworthy) and 'inerrant' (without error) - Catholic Second Vatican Council 1962-5)
41
What do more liberal Christians see the Bible to be?
'infallible' but not inerrant, allowing Bible to not be mistaken on its spiritual claims, but can be mistaken on certain factual claims
42
we should live lives of 'faith, hope and love'
1 Corinthians 13
43
How did James Kugel contribute to interpreting the Bible?
summarises traditional and historical Biblical interpretation in book 'How to Read the Bible: a guide to scripture then and now'
44
What 4 ways did Aquinas propose we should interpret the Bible?
Literally (What is said), Allegorically (What it means), Moral (what should we do), Spiritual (what we should hope for)
45
Parable of the Good Samaritan
Luke 10:25-37
46
What is 'Historical Criticism' or 'Higher Criticism'?
instead of interpreting the different levels of truth revealed by scripture, more critical investigating historical sources of the Bible's claims (Source and Form Criticism)
47
Form Criticism
examines the style of writing - 'documentary hypothesis' challenges traditional claim that Moses was author of first 5 books of OT -> rather stylistic differences led us to believe it was 4 separate authors named JEPD
48
Source Criticism
examines historical sources of the Bible - some Gospels used information from other Gospels
49
Results of Historical Criticism - Naturalism
many concluded faith isn't real- argued there was historical explanations for everything - Feuerbach Argued for 'anthropological essence of religion', treating God as 'a being of the understanding', an ideal we have made up, we made him in our idealised image
50
Reaction to Historical Criticism - Fundamentalist movement
defends scripture's inerrancy on certain fundamental literal claims (resurrection, virgin birth of Jesus)
51
Reaction to Historical Claims - Bultmann
accepts it, agreed that supernatural events not literally true - but explain miracles as belief common to their age, there are eternal truths in the bible that cannot be seen as mere historical events - the real messages of the Christian faith
52
What did Bultmann say we needed to do (Interpreting the Bible)?
we need to 'demythologize' the Bible
53
Catholic use of Bible - Worship
Basis for Catholic ritual - Catholic masses divided into liturgy of the word and liturgy of the sacrament
54
Catholic use of Bible - Pastoral services
weddings and funerals include Bible readings - nature of these services shaped by Bible's teachings on marriage and death
55
Catholic use of Bible - Lectionary
Christian calendar structured around the Bible
56
liturgy of the sacrament
ritual of sharing in the body and blood of Christ, re-enacting last supper - RCC
57
Catholic use of Bible - Prayer
Bible used to structure prayer - 'breviary' includes prayers for each day, including Bible passages, psalms and Lord's prayer -> canticles included in services, Catholic rosary is set of beads used to structure private meditation on events in the Bible
58
liturgy of the word
Bible readings and sermons inspired by those readings
59
Catholic use of Bible - Legitimising the Catholic tradition
God gives authority to Jesus, Jesus passes some of it to Peter (Matthew 16), Peter passes this authority to future bishops of Rome who grant authority to priests to speak in God's name
60
Catholic use of Bible - Hymns
Songs are typically inspired by passages in the Bible or key concepts in the Bible
61
Song of Simeon (Nunc Dimittis)
Luke 2
62
Mary's song (Magnificat)
Luke 1
63
'You are peter, and upon this rock I will build my church'
Matthew 16
64
'I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven'
Matthew 16 -> allows priests to forgive sins in God's name in sacrament of Confession or reconciliation
65
Catholic use of the Bible - Encyclicals
Teaching letters from Pope to priests on what Catholic faith teaches -> Pope typically supports his claims by appealing to the teachings of the Bible
66
What 4 strands of authority do Catholics recognise?
scripture, tradition, reason and experience (drawn from Aquinas)
67
Catholic authority - Scripture
Catholics give great importance to Bible, seeing it as infallible and inerrant -> divine revelation, so has quite traditional interpretation of the Bible, treating literal message as factually accurate, although to properly understand what is being revealed in this, we need to interpret it allegorically morally and spiritually
68
What kind of Christians believe in 'sola scriptura'?
Protestants - proposed by Martin Luther
69
Catholic Authority - Tradition
Church believed to act under divine inspiration, similar to individual prophets -> The Church judged which books are 'canonical' and should be included in Bible (Council of Rome 382 AD)
70
Day of Pentecost - Acts 2
Apostles experiencing 'tongues of fire', empowered by the Holy Spirit
71
Acts 3
Apostles share in God's healing power, with Peter healing the lame man in the temple
72
Laity
congregations
73
ordained ministry
priests
74
'apostolic succession'
Popes are spiritual successors of Peter
75
Nicene Creed
325 AD - defines central idea of the Trinity for understanding scripture's account of God as the Father, Son and Holy Spirit
76
What does Augustine say sacraments are?
''the visible form of an invisible grace''
77
'immaculate conception'
required church teaching ->Mary the mother of Jesus was born into 'original sin', even though no reference in Bible
78
How do priests for Catholicism enact the 'real presence' of God in Eucharist?
when they say 'words of consecration', there is transubstantiation, allowing Catholics to directly experience the 'real presence' of God through the Catholic tradition and its liturgy
79
Catholic Authority - Reason
Aquinas argued for 'Natural Law' -> reasoning independent of Bible can give us a functional analysis of things, further so we can discover what helps something function better and what damages it -> God intends for things to flourish and not to be damaged, by going against something's proper function we are therefore going against God's purpose for it
80
Catholic Authority - Experience
Aquinas argued that conscience is the direct experience of God speaking in us -> power of 'synderesis' is the law of our mind that directs us towards goodness and away from evil - we develop 'primary precepts' on how to live, and 'secondary precepts' on how to enact these principles
81
What is the Eastern Orthodox church?
conservative denomination, believing in 'infallible' and 'inerrant; authority of scripture and of sacred tradition -> emphasises apostolic succession, church hierarchy, and the early creeds of the Church
82
What is the Eastern Orthodox's belief about scripture?
Bible is both infallible and inerrant
83
How do Eastern Orthodox people treat saints?
'saints' who have died for their faith are venerated
84
How is the Eastern Orthodox church different from the Catholic church?
EO Church maintains ancient practices of worship, unlike Catholicism which has since updated its liturgy
85
How does the EO Church treat the creeds?
accepts the original creeds,

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