TP IGCSE Edexcel Paper 1 Flashcards
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1
Q
What do Mind-body dualists believe?
A
soul independent of body, and survives death of body and judged by God at death
2
Q
What is Aquinas’ take on Hylomorphism?
A
A person is properly soul and body united, soul survives death of body but incomplete existence, only at resurrection our souls reunited with bodies giving partial existence in heaven and complete existence after general resurrection
3
Q
‘At the resurrection people will neither marry nor be given in marriage; they will be like the angels in heaven’
A
Mathew 22
4
Q
‘They are buried as natural human bodies, but they will be raised as spiritual bodies’
A
1 Corinthians 15
5
Q
Atheist argument about soul
A
No evidence we have a soul, or our soul is judged at death, even major Christian thinkers disagree about what a soul is, no real evidence for resurrection and not clear what ‘spiritual body’ is
6
Q
What account of an afterlife is there in the OT’s first 5 books?
A
‘sheol’
7
Q
Where do we learn what ‘sheol’ means?
A
Job 1-:21 -> Hades, dark, silent and forgetful place underground where the dead go
8
Q
Where is it shown that Jesus believed in the afterlife?
A
Matthew 25 -> the selfish suffer ‘eternal fire’ + the good who care for those in need will be comforted in heaven
9
Q
Why do Baptists believe heaven and hell to be central to Christian faith?
A
follow ‘sola scriptura’ (Martin Luther), Bible refers to heaven and hell, especially in most important section of New Testament
10
Q
What four places does Catholic Church teach that souls go at death?
A
Heaven (blessed life), Hell (guilty of mortal sins), Purgatory and Limbo
11
Q
What is the Catholic belief of Purgatory?
A
for those who have committed venial sins, they are then cleansed of their sins to enter heaven
12
Q
Mortal sins
A
destroy the soul
13
Q
Venial sins
A
damage the soul but don’t destroy it
14
Q
What is the Limbo of the Patriarchs?
A
For those who lived lives pleasing to God, but not experienced God’s saving power in Christ, allows them to receive God’s saving power of grace through Christ to enter heaven
15
Q
What is the Limbo of the Infants?
A
where infants who died before receiving saving power of God’s grace in baptism go, because they suffer original sin (Augustine), they cannot go to heaven
16
Q
What view of time do Christians typically have?
A
linear -> time developing towards ‘end time’, at end-time all reality held accountable for how it has acted
17
Q
What do Christians believe in instead of reincarnation?
A
resurrection - body and soul being perfectly united in a spiritual body
18
Q
What is the particular resurrection?
A
When Jesus resurrected three days after crucifixion where he conquered sin and death
19
Q
What is the Universal Resurrection?
A
when all are resurrected at the ‘eschaton’ on the second coming (‘parousia’) of Christ
20
Q
What happens to the soul at the general resurrection?
A
everyone receives ‘spiritual body’, whose bodily drives for pleasure no longer at war with demands for goodness
21
Q
What does Acts 24 Tell us about the resurrection?
A
Both the good and sinful are resurrection -> ‘There shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust’
22
Q
What happens at the ‘final judgement’?
A
Christ judges us according to whether we cared for needs of the world
23
Q
What does Matthew 25 tell us about the ‘final judgement’?
A
When we ignored those in need, we have ignored God himself -> ‘Whatever you did for one for the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me’
24
Q
How does the Book of Revelation describe the end time?
A
Good share in eternal life and wicked are damned, humanity restored in right relationship to God after general resurrection, Garden of Eden becoming ‘City of God’
25
How do Catholics and Baptists interpret the end time?
literally -> there is actual reward for those good and punishment for those sinned, perhaps actual hell fire
26
What is John Hick's interpretation of the afterlife?
denies hell is real, Eternal damnation for wrongdoing unjust, purpose of evil is soul making, so all evil leads to heaven (Universal salvation)
27
What is Paul Tillich's interpretation of the afterlife?
understands heaven and hell symbolically, Heaven is a symbol of hope for making sense of 'infinite concern', and hell is symbol of alienation from needs of world or 'ultimate dependency' -> Heaven and hell not literally true but rather symbols for making sense of our experience of truth, guiding and directing our lives
28
'Law of Karma'
How we are reincarnated or reborn in the afterlife depends upon our actions in our current life
29
When was the Garden of Eden mentioned?
Genesis 3
30
What does St Augustine believe the impact of the Garden of Eden banishment was?
following first sin of Adam and Eve, we are alienated from goodness and suffer 'original sin', we turn away from God to sinful emptiness of own pride or vanity, trying to achieve meaning by competing against others
31
How did St Augustine think we could find real meaning and purpose in our lives?
through repentance and seeing ourselves to belong to God's will
32
What did St Aquinas believe the meaning of life was?
God = 'first cause', at the same time also reason for life, as experiencing God is therefore to know where we came from and how we should live, so we find meaning in our lives
33
What does the Catholic Church believe the importance of the sacraments (17) are?
they help transform our character and how God communicates his Grace, by belonging to 'Church of God' and sacred practices our lives are meaningful, Outside Church we lose ourselves in the selfishness ('original sin')
34
35
Meaning of life for Catholics?
essentially social, sharing in community guided by authority of God
36
Baptists on meaning of life?
The personal choice in seeing Christian faith as 'good news' of the Bible we either believe or fail to believe in
37
How does time being linear in Christianity contribute to giving a meaning of life?
the meaning of life in its purpose - to achieve the 'kingdom of God on earth as it is in heaven' (Lord's prayer Matthew 6 + Luke 11), we judged by Christ on 'parousia' at 'eschaton' in terms of whether we have lived that purpose
38
What is a typical claim of Atheists on meaning of life?
no meaning of life, only things we find meaningful, agreeing with significant freedom for individuals to discover what is meaningful rather to follow religious claims about what meaningful -> may even emphasise personal happiness instead
39
What is Social Darwinism?
Darwin's evolution theory of 'survival of the fittest' true in biology and social life, different races in competition with others for resources and reproductive success
40
What is one of the central messages of the OT?
obedience to God (Pure righteousness)
41
How many rules are there in the OT to ensure Jews live pure life before God?
613
42
Where are the 10 commandments given to Moses?
Exodus 20
43
What does Jesus shift the focuses away from and to in the New testament?
away from obedience to rules -> focus on transformation of character necessary for our knowing God
44
Where does Jesus summarises the OT laws in terms of demand to love God and one's neighbour?
Mark 12
45
What does John 1 tell us about Jesus?
he is the 'incarnation' of God, allows us to directly know character of God rather than simply obey his Commandments
46
What does Jesus call us to do in his last supper?
to share in the character of God by sharing in his 'body and blood', eating bread and wine he blessed
47
What does John 13 tell us about how we can share in the Character of God?
by sharing in the power of love, revealed in Christ -> 'A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another as I have loved you'
48
How does St Paul identify the experience of God?
(1 Corinthians 13)
with the experience of love -> 'Faith, hope and love remain but the greatest of these is love'
49
What does John 3 tell us about sharing in God's love?
sharing in God's love requires us to be 'born again', dying to our selfish purposes to take on purposes of God's love
50
Where in the Bible is it mentioned that Christians are justified by faith and not by works?
St Paul in his letter to the Romans and his letter to the Galatians
51
What is 'Justification by works'?
focuses on works obedient to the law, allowing a person to use own powers to justify themselves before Gid by their obedience
52
What is 'justification by faith'?
focuses on power of God that saves you when you put your faith in Him, allowing power of His agapeic love to reveal itself through you
53
What is the impact of the Christian emphasis on 'justification by faith'?
led many Christians to abandon many of ritual laws of purity in OT, what needed rather change of heart through sharing in God's love - St Paul calls it 'circumcision of the heart' (Romans 2)
54
Where is the law of circumcision given?
Genesis 17
55
Principle of sanctity of life
all human life sacred, all human life should be respected, making killing any human life wrong
56
What did Aquinas argue is true both of natural revelation and special revelation?
sanctity of life
57
What is natural revelation?
understanding God's purpose through human reasoning
58
What is special revelation?
understanding God's purposes through prophetic revelation or God's incarnation as recorded in Bible
59
What is Natural Law Theory (Aquinas)?
rational study of nature allows us to discover God's purpose in creation: all humans find God for themselves and each person should be helped and guided in this sacred Journey - their lives are sacred
60
'image of God'
Genesis 1
61
'God formed Adam from the dust and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life'
Genesis 2 - Each person shares in God's spirit
62
'It is God who has made us and we are his'
Psalm 100 - Each person belongs to God and should be respected as God's
63
'Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy spirit'
1 Corinthians 6 - We should respect all humans including their bodies
64
'You shall not murder'
Exodus 20 - all human life sacred
65
'Before I formed you in the womb I knew you'
Jeremiah 1 - God has a purpose for each one of us
66
What is the principle of the quality of life?
avoid general claims about value of human life, instead the 'quality' of it, in case of severe pain only person themself able to judge whether to end their life
67
What disagreements are there as to who should be able to decide whether a life should be ended?
Some claim only person themself able to judge, some claim loved ones able to judge and some claim that medical experts able judge based off of best understanding of what quality of life the individual experiencing
68
pro life argument
there is a human from moment of 'conception' and killing human life is wrong -> abortion = murder since it is intentional killing of human being who done nothing to deserve it
69
do Catholics and Baptists believe in the pro-life argument?
yes
70
Why do Catholics believe in pro-life?
1995 Encyclical, Pope John Paul II wrote abortion 'opposed to life itself'
71
Why do Baptists believe in pro-life?
General Board of American Baptist Churches 1994 - abortion disregards the far-reaching consequences
72
What is Pro-choice?
at early stages of human development, there is not a real person who has real rights
73
Who supports pro-choice?
Liberal denominations such as Quakers
74
What does Charles Taylor argue about Abortion?
what central to a person is what things matters to them -> in early stages if human development, things don't matte to foetus, so they do not count as person having rights
75
What did Judith Jarvis Thomson argue about Abortion?
questions who should make the decision, using Violinist analogy where violinist depends upon someone's blood supply for 9 months to keep him alive, where Thomson concluded someone has right to not give up all their freedom so as to keep violinist alive, comparing it to pregnancy where woman has the right over her own body, trumping the rights of the foetus who is dependent upon the mother
76
When was the idea of ensoulment a popular belief of Catholics?
mediaeval times
77
What happens in week 0 of pregnancy?
Conception
78
What happens in week 1 of Pregnancy?
Blastocyst formation
79
What happens in week 2 of Pregnancy?
Primitive streak, foetus develop as distinct from foetal sack protecting it
80
What happens in week 3-4 of pregnancy?
embryo attaches to uterine wall
81
What happens in week 6 of pregnancy?
organs begin to develop
82
What happens in week 12 of pregancy?
Foetus begins to move around, shows itself on x-rays or ultrasounds
83
What happens in week 24 of pregnancy?
viability - baby able to live outside mother's womb
84
What happens in week 40 of pregnancy?
birth
85
When and what was the 'Offences against the Persons Act'?
1861 - anyone who has an abortion or helps with an abortion to be kept in penal servitude for life
86
What is quickening?
the mother's experience of the baby coming to life at ensoulment
87
When and what was the Abortion act?
1967 - abortion available in England, Scotland and Wales up to 28 weeks in pregnancy
88
When was abortion legalised in Northern Ireland?
2020
89
What were the reasons for abortions under the 1967 act?
Risk to mother's life, severe risk to mother's physical health, risk to mother's mental health or that of existing children, potential child suffering from physical or mental abnormalities to be seriously handicapped
90
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
When foetus implants in one of mother's fallopian tubes, growth of foetus therefore results in significant bleeding, killing the mother - 1 in 90 are ectopic
91
What is the principle of double effect?
for two effects of an action, you are only responsible for the effect you intended, as long as achieving it was absolutely necessary and no other way of achieving it
92
How does the Catholic Church use the principle of double effect?
to allow for termination of pregnancies in extreme situations, not classify as as abortions however
93
What might challenge the Catholic principle of double effect?
keyhole surgery - cutting foetus out of mother's womb to let it die, seen as deliberate targeting of foetus
94
What is euthanasia?
intentionally ending a life to relieve suffering
95
What is suicide?
a person kills themself
96
Assisted suicide?
person helped to legally kill themself
97
Voluntary euthanasia?
Medial expert legally ends life of a person for that person's sake
98
Non-voluntary euthanasia?
person legally killed in spite of not being able to make a decision
99
Involuntary euthanasia
Someone's life ended against that person's wishes, but thought to be in community's best interests
100
Active Euthanasia
actively ending someone's life
101
Passive euthanasia
letting someone die
102
When and what was the Suicide act?
1961 - decriminalised person committing suicide, but continued to treat those helping others to commit suicide as criminals, could be subject to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years
103
What did Diane Pretty do in 1998?
appealed to European Convention of Human Rights to challenge law's criminalisation of those helping people commit suicide - with only a few weeks to live she demanded the right that her husband can help her end her own life, ECHR didn't override British law, Pretty not able to end her own life by assisted suicide
104
What did The supreme Court rule in 2018 about euthanasia?
doctors didn't need to go to court to authorise passive euthanasia, authorising them to withdraw treatment:
-> By disconnecting feeding tubes, not giving life-extending drugs, not giving life-extending operations and by switching off life-support machines
105
Where is Active Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide legal and illegal?
illegal - UK, Legal - Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Switzerland
106
What is a problem associated with legalising euthanasia?
puts pressure on elderly people to allow themselves to be killed, since care home costs are £43,000 per year
107
What is a second problem associated with Euthanasia?
might encourage other people to ask for the same right - euthanasia won't meet the demand of those wanting to die
108
What is a third problem associated with Euthanasia?
'slippery slope' argument claims if we authorise euthanasia in extreme situations, we shall be drawn into authorising it for less extreme situations (Diane Pretty 1998)
109
What is a 4th problem associated with euthanasia?
raises questions to whether there should be an age limit, for voluntary should it be 18 or 16?
110
What was the purpose of the hospice movement?
way of giving terminally ill a dignified death instead of resorting to suicide or euthanasia
111
How did the modern day hospice movement start?
1967, Dame Cicely Saunders founded St Christopher's House in London
112
How was Saunders inspired to set up a purpose built hospice for expert pain relief and holistic care?
Psalms 37 - 'trust in Him and He shall bring it to pass'
113
How do Hospices work?
focus on Palliative care, concerned with optimising quality of life, rather than curative treatments focused on recovery, people treated with dignity regardless of medical condition and drugs alleviate pain, using interdisciplinary team of doctors, nurses, chaplains, social workers to support them in their final days
114
How was God's love shown by Jesus' actions?
Jesus wanting to not simply stand in judgement but reform them from life of selfishness to life empowered by God's agapeic love + in face of opposition and resentment Jesus didn't retaliate but accepted death to reveal to humanity the new life of love in his resurrection
115
How did St Augustine use the psychological analogy of love to explain the trinity?
he claimed that the unity of the lover, beloved and loving are analogous to unity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit
116
What did C.S. Lewis offer as a fourfold analysis of love in 1960?
Eros, Storge, Philia and Agape
117
What did C.S. Lewis say Eros was?
love of getting (romantic)
118
What did C.S. Lewis say Storge was?
family love, where person loves the group they were born into
119
What did C.S. Lewis say Philia was?
love of friends, where person loves people who share same enthusiasms and memories
120
What did C.S. Lewis say Agape was?
distinctively Christian love of caring concern for the world, regardless of one's own desires (eros), one's identity (storge) or one's own enthusiasms (philia) -> results in charitable acts for those someone doesn't know
121
How has Christianity argued that all four forms of C.S. Lewis' love should be integrated?
erotic love of sexual attraction integrated within family love of husband for each other and their children
122
'For God so loved the world that He gave his only begotten Son'
John 3
123
'I do not condemn you. Go and sin no more'
John 9 - John saving adulteress from stoning
124
'A new commandment I give you: that you love one another as I have loved you.'
John 13
125
How does OT emphasise being 'pure'?
through obedience to God's law
126
Where does God make a solemn agreement with Abraham that is he is true to God, God will be true to his descendants the Jews?
Genesis 15 - Abrahamic Covenant
127
What is the Mosaic Covenant
series of Laws given to prophet Moses about what is required for being true to God -> focused on living as God intended and avoiding living as God intended us not to live
128
'Do not wear clothes of wool and linen woven together'
Deuteronomy 22
129
What did concerns for purity in the OT lead to?
wanting clothes to not be made of two materials, spouses not having sex with anyone else, and condemnation of homosexual activity
130
'If a man practices homosexuality, having sex with another man as with a woman, both men have committed a detestable act. They must both be put to death, for they are guilty of a capital offence'
Deuteronomy 22
131
What does the story of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah tell us?
Genesis 19 -> interpreted as condemnation of homosexuality as an 'abomination'
132
What is Jesus' response to homosexuality?
he never specifically discusses it, and he is typically concerned with helping the outsider looked down on by society (Parable of Good Samaritan Luke 10), so Jesus would have likely helped them
133
What does Aquinas say on homosexuality?
appealing to 'Natural Law Theory', saw homosexuality to be 'unnatural vice' going against God's purpose that sex should share in God's divine creative act
133
'Men committed shameful acts with other men, and received themselves in due penalty for their error'
Romans 1 - only Homosexual relations allowed
134
What did Pope John Paul II write about homosexuality in Encyclical 1993?
'intrinsic evil of the homosexual condition'
135
When and what was the Sexual Offences Act ?
1967 - legalised homosexual acts in UK between consenting adults over age of 21
136
What and when was the Sex Offenders Act?
1997 - age of homosexual consent lowered to 16
137
What is Humanism?
make questions of human happiness central due to its concern for principle of quality of life
138
How does Humanism respond to religion?
rejects any appeal to the supernatural, we should trust in own human powers of reason, empathy and finding meaning in life we live on earth rather than afterlife
139
What do Humanists believe about homosexuality?
people should 'explore' their sexuality and encourage LGBT rights so people can explore their sexuality as they experience it (Abby Hafer in Oxford Handbook of Humanism)
140
What is Utilitarianism?
justifying actions in terms of criterion of greatest happiness of the greatest number
141
What is marriage?
the legally recognised union of two people as partners in a personal relationship of life-long commitment
142
What is the institution of marriage?
social institution where people can experience the power of God's love
143
What is the significance of the institution of Marriage for religious people?
Thought to be holy, meant to be life-long commitment, share in God's love
144
Why do Christians prefer monogamy over polygamy?
allows husband and wife to be fully known to each other, many Xian cultures made polygamy into crime 'bigamy'
145
Why is Marriage especially important to Catholics?
one of the seven sacraments, 'outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace' (St Augustine)
146
institution of marriage is outward and visible contract, revealing inward and spiritual power of love to transform our world from state of selfish competition to state of 'faith, hope and love, with the greatest of these being love.'
1 Corinthians 13
147
Why is marriage important to Baptists?
using principle of 'sola scriptura', they see marriage to be central to Christian life, since Jesus emphasises importance of marriage for discovering God's purpose for them
148
'A man shall leave his father and mother and hold fast to his wife and they shall become one flesh'
Genesis 2
149
'What God has joined together let no man separate'
Mark 10 -> Jesus on marriage
150
'Husbands love your wives as Christ loved the Church and gave himself up for her'
Ephesians 5
151
Why does society see premarital sex and promiscuity to be bad?
Puts huge strain on family with pregnancy - caring for mother and extra child without father very hard, birth giving complications, controlling of women sexual behaviour
152
What is promiscuity?
transient sexual relationships
153
What changes did the 19th century industrialisation bring?
Women better educated, began to marry later, has access to condoms of vulcanised rubber, birth rates 1880s started to decline by 29% In UK
154
What is 'voluntary motherhood'?
emerging feminist movement arguing for birth control so women had control over their reproduction
155
When was adultery decriminalised in UK?
1970
156
Why do RC Priests and nuns renounce marriage and sexual activity?
they take vows of chastity to focus on sanctification
157
'The sexually immoral person sins against his own boy. Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you'
1 Corinthians 6
158
'Because of the temptation to sexual immortality, each man should have his won wife and each wife her own husband'
1 Corinthians 7
159
'This is the will of God, your sanctification ... that each one of you knows how to control his own body in holiness and honour'
1 Thessalonians 4
160
'Now to the unmarried and widows I say : it is food for them to stay unmarried, but if they cannot control themselves they should marry'
1 Corinthians 7
161
How does the OT present polygamy?
King Solomon had many wives, however in Deuteronomy it exhorts the king to not have too many wives or riches so that they might be better leaders
162
How does Jesus deal with Jewish people still practising polygamy in NT?
argues in favour of exclusive relation of one man and one woman, appealing to Genesis 2
163
Where does St Paul rejects polygamy, appealing to unity of love?
1 Corinthians 7
164
Is Bigamy illegal in the UK?
yes
165
When was bigamy made illegal?
673 AD by Archbishop Theodore
166
Which Christians might agree with polygamy?
Mormons
167
Why was cohabitation regarded as a sin?
destructively irresponsible - bringing child into world without family structure necessary for the child's welfare
168
When and what was the Civil Partnership act?
2004 - UK introduced civil partnerships for same-sex couples
169
What is a civil partnership?
legally recognised union of same-sex couple, rights similar to marriage
170
What and when was the Equality act of 2010?
allowed Civil Partnerships to use religious venues if religion allowed it
171
When was same-sex marriage legalised?
2013 UK, typically civil ceremonies as RCC and CoE didn't allow it in Churches
172
What kind of Churches allowed same-sex couples to marry there?
liberal churches (Quakers)
173
What did the Supreme Court rule in 2018 relating to civil partnerships?
restricting civil partnerships to same-sex couples went against European Convention of Human Rights both types of couples therefore have choice to enter marriage or civil partnership
174
What is a divorce?
ends sacred and legal ties that binds two people together and makes remarriage possible
175
What is an annulment?
declaring a marriage to be invalid; never a real marriage because sacred or legal requirements of being properly married not fulfilled
176
Where was it said that divorce was possible in Bible?
Deuteronomy 24 - husband an write 'certificate of divorce' if he finds some 'indecency' in her
177
How and where does Jesus challenge divorce?
Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5) -> whoever divorces their wife not on grounds of adultery causes her to commit adultery
178
Jesus supports going against divorce where?
Mark 10 -> 'what God has joined together, let no one separate.'
179
Where does Jesus emphasise the importance of reconciliation between husband and wife instead of standing in judgement of each other?
'Do not judge, so that you may not be judged... Why do you see the speck in your neighbour's eye, but you do not notice the log in your own eye?' (Matthew 7)
180
What is a 'natural marriage' and why is it singificant?
one that isn't sacramental; since one member not baptised - can be annulled
181
What is the significance of a 'sacramental marriage'?
can be annulled if service not conducted properly or if marriage never consummated
182
What are you allowed to do is a sacramental marriage fails?
possible for couple to separate, neither can remarry until death of their spouse
183
When did the Council of Florence agree that divorce should be illegal?
1439
184
What does Martin Luther say on divorce?
his Lutheran church allows for divorce on grounds of desertion or adultery
185
What did the Henry VIII Church of England and Act of parliament say about divorce?
they broke with Catholicism after failure to receive annulment, and had a divorce by act of parliament
186
When and what was the Matrimonial Causes Act?
1857 - allowed divorce in law courts in UK (court costs hefty, and women had to be guilty of adultery)
187
When and what was the Divorce reform Act?
1969 - allowed non-fault divorce option by consent in UK, had to wait 2 years if both want it and 5 if only one party wants it
188
When and what was the Church of England Synod (divorce)?
2002 - allows for remarriage if new marriage not caused ending of previous one
189
When and what was the Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act?
2020 - legal framework for no-faults divorce cases to avoid arguments
190
What does the Catholic Church allow instead of divorce?
annulment
191
What is the Baptist's opinion on divorce?
no centralised policy, re-marriage following divorce at discretion of local Minister, but typically agree that marriage should be lifelong commitment
192
How many marriages end in divorce?
about half
193
Who claimed divorce is particularly damaging for both woman's finances and academic progress and emotional welfare of children?
Jane Anderson
194
What is Christianity's overall view on family?
central to living good life, marriage vows central to commitment and stability of family, necessary for nurturing children
195
How did the industrial revolution change gender roles?
afforded machinery for life to be less challenging, allow both men and women to perform nearly all roles
196
What is Complementarianism?
men and women equal but different, because they have distinct roles, but no role more important than the other
197
Why are men better suited to leadership roles with complementarianism?
they have a more competitive character
198
Why are women better suited to supportive roles with complementarianism?
they have a more nurturing character
199
Who defended complementarianism?
RCC, appealing to Aquinas 'Natural Law Theory', argues men and women have different natures so should play distinct roles in family
200
What do the conservative evangelicals Wayne Grudem and John Piper say on complementarianism?
we have God-given nature, more we stray away from these, more family life is corrupted
201
What is Egalitarianism?
men and women should have equal opportunities and rights to jobs of their choosing, women shouldn't be discriminated against when applying for leadership roles based on gender prejudice
202
What did Mary Wollstonecraft say on egalitarianism?
she condemned attempts to restrict women education, emphasise how educating women to be good leaders in their own right benefits family as a whole
203
'the head of every man is Christ, the head of woman is man, and the head of Christ is God'
St Paul - 1 Corinthians 11
204
'Wives submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife even as Christ is the head of the church.'
St Paul - Ephesians 5
205
'Let a woman learn quietly with all submissiveness. I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet. For Adam was formed first, then Eve; and Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor.'
St Paul - 1 Timothy 2
206
'God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created him.'
Genesis 1 - both have sacred power of conscience
207
'Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you.'
Genesis 3 - male domination part of the curse of the Fall and so is not good
208
'Mary has chosen the good portion, which will not be taken away from her.'
Luke 10 - Jesus defends Mary Magdalene talking with men about God when criticised by Martha for not helping to serve
209
Nuclear family
2 parents 2 children
210
211
Single parent family
one parent caring for children
212
Reconstituted family
when two families join together -> blended or stem family
213
Step family member
immediate family member not related by blood but enters family by marriage / partnerships, establishing reconstituted family
214
How has the CoE created support for families?
developed international Alpha marriage course + parenting course to support family lie
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What drop does the ONS report in families with children?
1961-2009 -> 15% drop
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When and what was the Adoption and Children act of 2004?
gay, unmarried couples and single person eligible to adopt children
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How do Christians support the elderly?
care for them in care homes integrate them into community, visit them
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When and what is the UK Children Act?
2004 - children have right to not be smacked by parents except when reasonable punishment
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When and what id Scotland's Children Act?
2019 - smacking illegal
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Why was being infertile a problem in the past?
families central to welfare of individual, having children necessary for maintaining the family
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Genesis 16
Abraham and Sarah agree that Abraham should have child wife wife's handmaid Hagar, when Sarah had Isaac, she expelled Hagar and her son from family
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Genesis 17
Abrahamic covenant with God that we would go on to have many ancestors and occupy promised land, emphasising importance of children
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Why would some people claim it is a moral duty to not have children?
UN predicts global population hit 10 billion by 2050 - 2017 study suggests having one fewer child save 58 tonnes a year of CO2
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How many couples face fertility problems and need fertility treatment to try to reproduce?
10%
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What is Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH)?
sperm of husband cleansed and concentrated before placed directly in uterus of wife at optimal time for fertilisation
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What is Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)?
sperm provided by donor placed in woman's womb
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What is surrogacy?
women carries and gives birth for a couple or individual
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What is In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)?
ovum fertilised outside woman's body (means 'in glass') usually in petri dish or test tube (Test-tube babies)
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Who was the first IVF born person and when?
Louise Brown - 1978
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Who was the first IVF-born person to give birth naturally and when?
1999 - Natalie Brown
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Who was the oldest UK person to give birth using IVF and when?
2006 - 62 year old Patti Farrant
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When and what was the amendment to the 1990 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act?
2008 - allows IVF treatment for same-sex couples
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How does the NHS make decisions on who receives funding for fertilisation treatment and how does it work?
based upon National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's guidance -> IVF offered to women under age of 43 who trying to get pregnant through regular unprotected sex for 2 years, or 12 cycles of AI, private treatment one cycle £500,000
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Somatic cells
cells with two sets of chromosomes, responsible for development of all cells other than female eggs and male sperm
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How can somatic cells be modified?
under 1990 Human fertilisation and Embryology act
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Germ cells
eggs and sperm with one set of chromosomes passed onto offspring
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How can Germ cells be modified?
by germ line therapy up to 14 days after conception under HFEA, but must be destroyed after
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Gene therapy
replaces all DNA of patient's cell by inserting new DNA through virus shell from which original virus DNA replaced by helpful DNA, used to cure diseases resulting from unhealthy DNA
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Gene editing
replaces only section of DNA within cell of healthy DNA
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Remedial therapy
used to eliminate medical conditions resulting in illness destroying quality if life and involving costly medical treatments
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Designer babies
therapy for enhancing babies
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Example of Designer babies
CRISPR used by Chinese scientist Je Jiankui 2018 to give birth to twins Lulu and Nana
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What is Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats? (CRISPR)
genome editing technology for germ line therapy
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As of 2020 where is genetically engineered births banned?
24 countries by law, 9 by guidelines
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Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PIGCD)
legal in UK under HFEA -> assessing whether embryo healthy and suitable to be implanted in mother's womb, if not it is discarded
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Three parent IVF
technique to correct mitochondrial diseases, responsible for early death after birth, using genetic material from donor to correct original genetic material of the two parents - legal in UK
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Definition of cloning
genetic copying of organism - DNA of OG organism and cloned organism identical
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Reproductive cloning
producing animal genetically identical to another animal -> 'somatic cell nuclear transfer' - Genetic material taken from nucleus of donor and placed in enucleated ovum, cell division encouraged - prohibited in humans in UK
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Therapeutic (stem cell) cloning?
stem cells extracted from ovum at blastocyst stage, undifferentiated cells then develop into organs for treatment of diseases - legal in UK under HFEA
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Why would religious people typically reject genetic reproductive engineering but allowing therapeutic engineering?
emphasise important to accept each person's God-given nature, not judge who live and who die, made in 'image of God' (Genesis 1), 'Natural Law Theory ' - God has purpose for each of us
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What standpoint does Dignitas Personae take?
pro-life position - human embryo has dignity proper to person - allowing therapeutic cloning, but document further criticises technological developments in childbirth, threatening reciprocal love between man and woman
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Why is the Catholic Church critical of IVF?
involves creating number of embryos then discarding those less likely to be fertile, human life beings at conception, so each embryo should be treated with respect appropriate to a person
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How does the Catholic Church support procedures making pregnancy more likely?
they should work with natural act of love making and not replace
with technological interventions
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Why do Catholics believe AIH is better than AID?
less reprehensible as it concerns love of partners
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Do Catholics encourage adoption?
yes
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When did the Church of England release a report agreeing with germ line therapy?
1994
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What is the Quaker reaction to Genetic Engineering?
don't advocate a particular position, but maintain that richness of human diversity should never be reduced to level of a commodity or made subject to market forces
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How do the Humanists respond to genetic engineering?
agree with therapeutic cloning but might oppose reproductive cloning as it contradicts respects for persons
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Condoms
rubber sheath trapping sperm, worn over penis or inside vagina - male condoms 98% effective and female condoms 95% effective
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Combined oral and contraceptive pill
contains artificial versions of oestrogen and progesterone, preventing ovaries releasing an egg each month - when taken properly, 99% effective
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Contraceptive implant (Nexoplanon)
small flexible plastic rod placed under skin in upper arm by doctor or nurse -> releases hormones into bloodstream to prevent pregnancy - lasts 3 years and more than 99% effective
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Intrauterine device (IUD)
small T-shaped copper device put into uterus by doctor -> releases copper to stop pregnancy for 5-10 years - more than 99% effective
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Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing)
small, soft plastic ring placed inside vagina, released continuous dose of oestrogen and progestogen
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Natural family planning (fertility awareness)
women records different fertility signals during menstrual cycle to work out when likely to get pregnant, involves keeping daily record of fertility signals, takes 3 to 6 menstrual cycles to learn the method, 99% effective if calculations perfect
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
condom only one effective against STDs, as prevents sharing of bodily fluids, most common STDs = Genital warts, Gonorrhoea, Hepatitis B, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing AIDS
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Why do most Christians not see contraception to be problematic?
Bible doesn't discuss it as it involves mostly recent technology, but goes against God's command to 'go forth and multiply' (Genesis 9)
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Why does the RCC reject contraception?
using 'Natural Law Theory' claiming to know God's purpose from a study of nature, including idea that sec shares in God's creative act, barrier to God's will rejected as sinful
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What does the RCC allow for instead of contraception?
only allows family planning since it works with God's purpose rather than against them
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Why has RCC's condemnation of the condom been contraversial?
because of this belief, it refuses fiving condoms as foreign aid, which many argue could help solve AIDS epidemics, 25% population infected Eswatini, Africa
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What is Celibacy?
state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations
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Who take vows of celibacy?
monks and nuns, they can have had sexual relations before, but not meant to after, such people are celibate or chaste
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What other vows do monks and nuns take?
vows of poverty (not own any wealth, living on allowance from donations to church) and obedience to head of monastery or nunnery
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Was Mary celibate?
In RCC yes, Bible claims Mary had a child by Holy Spirit prior to marrying Joseph, but doesn't claim she remained chaste after
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When was Jesus seen to be celibate?
at least during the 1-3 year period recorded in the Bible (30-33 years)
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How can we say that Heaven involves celibacy?
'in the resurrection people neither marry not are given in marriage but are like angels in heaven' (Matthew 22)
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'I wish all people were like me, but each has a particular gift from God: one has this gift, and another has that one'
1 Corinthians 7 -> God cares more for nurturing someone's gift than demanding celibacy
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Adoption definition
single person or couple taking on legal responsibility for bringing up a child born to someone else
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Fostering definition
in role of parent for specified time period, local authority and child's birth parents have responsibility, foster parents therefore not legal parent of the child
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What is evidence for Jesus caring for the vulnerable by encouraging adoption and fostering?
'Whoever receives one such child in my name receives me.' (Matthew 18)
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What happens in Genesis 1?
God declared creation to be good, day 1 - God creates light, Day 2 - God creates earth and sky, Day 3 - God creates sea, land and plants, Day 4 - God creates sun and moon, Day 5 - God creates fish and birds, Day 6 - God creates mammals and humans in imago dei, Day 7 - God rests
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What happens in Genesis 2?
God referred to as Yahweh, Adam created, God breathes spirit into Adam's nostrils, God plants garden in East in Eden, in middle of garden is tree of knowledge of good and evil, Adam made steward of garden, Adam names animals, Adam lacks companion so God makes Eve from Adam's ribs when sleeping, Adam and Eve naked without shame
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What happens in John 1?
Trinitarian creation story (Father revealed in character of creation), word of God becomes human in Jesus' incarnation, revelation of God's character takes us beyond obedience to God's commandments to our sharing in character of God through Christ
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Genesis 1
God creates heaven and earth - let there be light - God saw the light was good
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Genesis 2
God formed Adam by breathing into his nostrils the breath of life
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John 1
in the beginning was the Word and the word was with God and the Word was God...
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What contradictions are there about God's name?
Genesis 1 (Elohim), Genesis 2 (Yahweh)
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What contradictions are there about when Eve made?
Genesis 1 (man and women created together at end of day 6), Genesis 2 (Eve created as his companion)
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What contradictions are there about how God reveals himself in creation stories?
Genesis 1 (God speaks the world into existence), Genesis 2 (God interacts with earth), John 1 (God reveals himself in creation)
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What are scientific criticisms of Genesis 1 and 2 and John (Creation stories)?
Contradicts Big Bang Theory (space, time and matter created 13.8 billion years ago, solar system 9 billion years ago), contradicts evolution (Charles Darwin, supported by fossil evidence and genetic evidence)
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Which priest proposed the Big Bang theory against the 'steady state theory' by Edwin Hubble?
Georges Lemaitre
291
What is Young Earth creationism?
interprets Bible's Genesis 1 literally, world created in 6 human days, Henry Morris argued for it
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What is dry age creationism? (Old Earth Creationism)
interprets Bible's Genesis 1 literally, but sees day to refer to one of God's day, understood as 'aeon', St Augustine argued for it
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How doe s Pope John Paull II argue for an allegorical interpretation of the Bible?
the Bible 'does not wish to teach how heaven was made but how one goes to heaven'
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Who said 'conscience is the voice of God' speaking in Humans?
Catholic Cardinal Newman
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What does St Jerome say about the conscience?
distinguished between synderesis and conscientia , saying we made 'imago dei' because we have power of synderesis, but with Fall our conscientia was corrupted
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How does Charles Darwin respond to claims about conscience power?
humans merely evolved from less complex animals by random variation, hereditary and natural selection, we have no sacred power of conscience
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Why does Physicalism reject religious claims about conscience?
humans essentially physical things acting according to laws of nature, seeing psychology as reducible to biology, then chemistry, then physics
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How are animals regarded in the Bible?
Animals declared good Genesis 1, man given stewardship over animals Genesis 2, Noah called to save animals in ark in Genesis 90
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Why do animals not have rights (religiously)?
not made in 'imago dei', so lack a conscience (responsibility), and rights come with responsibility
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What did Peter Singer say about animals?
argued for Utilitarianism's concern for 'greatest happiness of the greatest number' - argues it is 'speciesist' to not include animal happiness
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''Be fruitful and increase in number ; fill the earth and subdue it''
Genesis 1
302
'God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to take care of it.'
Genesis 2
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What did St Augustine argue about the soul?
soul is the life-giving element element concerned with understanding, our bodily drives direct us towards selfish satisfaction, but soul illuminated by our conscience, directs us to goodness of God
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Why does Augustine see the soul to be immortal?
soul judged by God according to sins person committed, mortal sins not forgiven (HELL), venial sins forgiven (HEAVEN - HELL) -> soul separate from body and responsible for acknowledging good and evil in contrast to physical body's causal interaction
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What does St Aquinas say on the soul?
adopts 'hylomorphism', body and soul belong together,
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What did St Aquinas say where the 3 types of soul?
nutritive soul (directs body to grow), appetitive soul (directs physical body to find food), rational soul (directing physical body to understand)
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What does Aquinas believe happens with the soul at death?
nutritive soul and appetitive soul die with body, intellectual soul dies with body, human only complete when soul reunited with body at 'resurrection' of dead, 'parousia', marking end time
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What doe Oswald Spengler argue about the Soul?
soul is the personal element of human whereas spirit is universal element, so body concerned with what pleasurable for me, soul tries to understand what good for me, spirit tries to understand what good for all people or what goodness is itself
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Why does Gilbert Ryle argue belief in soul involves 'category mistake'?
category mistake involves confused understanding of word - thinking body does not describe two things (thinking soul and physical body), but human body with characteristic of thinking -> belief in soul results from conceptual confusion
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How does Patricia Churchland reject a soul?
eliminative materialism claims mental states nothing more than physical brain states, studied using neuroscience
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How does B.F. Skinner argue for Physicalism?
he claims the mental best understood as physical function, cutting is function of physical knife, so thinking is function of physical body, mind therefore best understood in terms of physical behaviour rather than in terms of power of alleged soul existing separately from the body
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Criticisms for Soul denial (Physicalism)?
fails to take what distinctive about mental life seriously, physicalism therefore only possible by ignoring what distinctive about thought
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Who came up with 'natural revelation' and 'special revelation'?
St Aquinas
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What does Jesus pray for the fulfillment of?
the Lord's prayer
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How does St Paul in Romans and Galatians reinforce Jesus' approach to wrongdoing?
we are not 'justified by works' but 'justified by faith' (sharing in God's purpose revealed in Christ), seeing wrongdoing as betrayal of that purpose rather than in terms of obedience to the law
316
What was the first sin?
The Fall (Genesis 3)
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How did St Augustine argue for 'original sin'?
claimed Adam and Eve ate from tree of knowledge of good and evil rather than depending on true goodness of God, they came to understand good and evil in terms of themselves, which corrupted human nature, we inherit this selfish attitude, meaning even infants share in it
