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ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 > TP8 Endocrine System > Flashcards

TP8 Endocrine System Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the functions of the endocrine system

A
  • Regulation of internal physiology
  • Co-ordinates embryonic development
  • Balance levels of minerals and nutrients to match demands
  • Stimulated growth of metabolism
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2
Q

Describe hormones

A
  • Chemical messengers
  • Work slow and overtime
  • travel via cardiovascular system to tissues/organs
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3
Q

List and describe the two types of cell communication

A
  • Direct signalling: cells connected by gap junctions
  • Indirect signalling: chemical messenger released - messenger binds with target cell
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4
Q

List the six different functional classifications of chemical messengers

A
  1. Paracrines
  2. Autocrines
  3. Cytokines
  4. Neurotransmitters
  5. Hormones
  6. Neurohormones
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5
Q

Describe paracrines (3 pts)

A
  • Made locally and act on a few adjacent cells in the same tissues or organs
  • Transmitted via extracellular fluid
  • Growth factors - transferred from cell to cell within a single tissue
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6
Q

Describe Autocrines (2pts)

A
  • Hormones produced and exerted effects on same cell
  • Secretory and target cells same
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7
Q

Describe cytokines (2 pts)

A
  • Referred to as immunohormones
  • Produced by non-gland cells
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8
Q

Describe hormones (4 pts)

A
  • Secreted from specialised endocrine glands
  • Transported via circulatory system
  • Long distances
  • Can be transported as either free hormones, or bound to carrier proteins
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9
Q

Describe neurohormones (5 pts)

A
  • Secreted by neurosecretory cells
  • Secreting cell responds to an electrical signal
  • Release neurohormones into the blood
  • Travel to the target cells
  • Different from ‘normal’ neurons - over a short distance
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10
Q

What does chemical structure determine?

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic - influences mechanisms of synthesis, storage, transport, release and signal transductions

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11
Q

List five chemical classifications of messengers

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Eicosanoids
  3. Amino acid derivatives
  4. Proteins and peptides
  5. Amino acids
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12
Q

Describe steroids (4 pts)

A
  • Derived from lipids
  • Synthesised on demand
  • Long distance transport, bound to carrier proteins
  • Hydrophobic
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13
Q

Describe Eicosanoids (5 pts)

A
  • Derived from lipids
  • Hydrophobic
  • Synthesised via membrane phospholipids
  • Synthesised on demand, released immediately
  • Involved in inflammation
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14
Q

Describe amino acid derivatives

A
  • Derived from amino acids
  • Synthesised in cytosol
  • Most are hydrophilic
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15
Q

Describe proteins and peptides (3 pts)

A
  • Derived from glycoproteins, short polypeptides and small proteins
  • Bind to transmembrane receptors
  • Hydrophilic
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16
Q

Describe Amino acids

A
  • 4x amino acids = chemical messengers
    1. A-glutamate
    2. Aspartate
    3. Glycine
    4. GABA
  • Neurotransmitters in CNS
  • Transported in vesicles
  • Released by exocytosis
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17
Q

Describe the influencers in magnitude of response

A
  1. Messenger concentration
  2. Number receptors
  3. Affinity of receptors
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18
Q

Describe Agonist

A

Ligand bind to receptor = response

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19
Q

Describe Antagonist

A

Ligand bind to receptor = no response

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20
Q

List and describe the four types of receptors

A
  1. Intracellular: bind to hydrophobic ligands
  2. Ligand- gated ion channels: lead to changes in membrane potential
  3. Receptor enzymes: lead to changes in intracellular enzyme activity
  4. G-protein-coupled: activation of membrane bound G-proteins = change in cell activity
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21
Q

Describe G-protein-coupled receptors

A
  • Extracellular chemical messenger binds
  • Results in production of second messenger
  • Second messenger continues signal transduction intracellularly
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22
Q

Describe primary endocrine organs

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Act to secrete hormones
  • Anterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals
23
Q

Describe secondary endocrine organs

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A
  • Hormone secretion is secondary action
  • Heart, liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, skin, kidneys
24
Q

Describe the function of the anterior pituitary

25
Describe the function of the posterior pituitary
Neural
26
Describe communication between hypothalamus and A. pituitary
Via Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
27
Describe the posterior pituitary gland
- Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei both have vasopressin and oxytocin producing neurons - Hormones synthesised in the hypothalamus - Stored in posterior pituitary - Released into systemic circulation on demand
28
List the factors that influence hormone secretion
- Level of hormone in the blood - Feedback regulation - Hormone interactions
29
Describe feedback regulation
- Provide communication between: - cells and tissues (sensors) - integrating centers - target tissues (effectors) - Allow homeostasis to be maintained!
30
Describe negative feedback
- Moderates response - Feeds back to decrease its own production - Promotes homeostasis
31
Describe positive feedback
- Amplifies response - Feeds back to increase its own production - Pushes system away from homeostasis
32
Describe synergestic effect
Effects of hormones additive, combined effect greater than the individual
33
Describe permissive effect
- One hormone needed for another to produce an effect
34
Describe integrative/additive effects
- Hormones cause the same in target cell - Hormones don't use same signal pathway - Response of target cell combinations of these hormones is additive
35
List the influences of hormones
- Morphological changes - Accelerate cell division/alter gene expression - Protein synthesis - Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction - Affect exocrine secretions - Control endocrine secretions - Regulate ion and water movement - Affect behaviour
36
Describe factors that increase blood glucose
- Glucose absorption from digestive tract - Hepatic glucose production: - Through glycogenolysis of stored glycogen - Through gluconeogenesis
37
Describe factors that decrease blood glucose
- Transport of glucose into cells: - For utilisation for energy production - For storage - as glycogen through glycogenesis - as triglycerides - Urinary excretion of glucose abnormally
38
Describe the environment when fed
Increased: - glucose oxidation - glycogen synthesis - fat synthesis - protein synthesis
39
Describe the environment when fasted
Increased: - glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis - ketogenesis
40
Describe the structure of the Adrenal gland
- Small paired gland sitting on top of each kidney - Outer layer: cortex (80%) - Inner layer: medulla (20%)
41
What does the adrenal gland produce
- Lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol - Amine derivatives of tyrosine
42
Describe the cortical steroid hormones 'Glucocorticoids'
- Primarily cortisol and corticosterone, which regulate an animals response to stress - Lipophilic - Rate of secretion = rate of synthesis - Poorly soluble in blood - Effects generally catabolic
43
Describe the effects of cortisol secretion on adipose tissue
Lipolysis increases
44
Describe the effects of cortisol secretion on muscle and other tissue
- Protein breakdown increases - Protein synthesis decreases
45
Describe the effects of cortisol secretion on liver
Gluconeogenesis increases
46
Describe the cortical steroid hormones 'Mineralocorticoids'
- Primarily aldosterone - Regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion - If there ISN'T sufficient mineralocorticoids - K+ extracellular fluid and blood increases - Na+ and Cl- decreases - Total vol extracellular fluid and blood decreases - Mineralocorticoids play key role in increasing extracellular fluid vol by increasing Na+ reabsorption
47
What does the adrenal medulla produce
Catecholamines
48
Describe the structure of Catecholamines
80% adrenaline and 20% noradrenaline and less than 1% dopamine
49
Describe the function of Catecholamines
- Response for the immediate fight or flight response - Increase HR, BP, cardiac contractility - Dilation of pupils, airways, blood vessels in skeletal muscles - Increase cellular O2 consumption - Increase lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
50
What do follicular cells produce?
- Tetraiodothyronine (T4) - Triiodothyronine (T3)
50
Describe the thyroid
Functional unit: colloid (unique) Parafollicular 'C' cells - calcitonin Chief constituent of colloid is thyroglobulin Tg
51
Describe the effects of thyroid hormones (6 pts)
- Increase BMR - Decreases body weight - Increases cardiac output - Increases rate and depth of respiration - Influences skin and hair growth - Important for metamorphosis in amphibians
52
Describe the structure of the parathyroid gland
- Two paired smaller structures which sit on the posterior/dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland - Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is an important regulator of blood calcium levels

ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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