Trace Elements & Iron

Question 1

● Elements found in the body in low concentration
● May have a concentration of < 1 μg/g of wet tissue and < 0.01% of dry body weight
● Has specific in vivo metabolic functions and cannot effectively done by other similar elements
● Consist of metals except for selenium the halogens, fluoride and iodine
● Distribution in tissues

Answer 1

Trace Elements

Question 2

What are the Classification of Trace elements
based on its contribution to function?

Answer 2

Essential Trace elements
Non essential Trace element

Question 3

● Based on its contribution of function
● Important elements and has a biochemical function or physiologic contribution in the metabolic reaction
● Since this is important. Deficiency of this element could impair biochemical or functional processes in the body

Answer 3

Essential Trace elements

Question 4

Replacement of these can correct the impairment
Often associated with:

Answer 4

1. Enzyme (metalloenzyme)
2. Protein (metalloproteins)

Question 5

Role or function of enzyme to proteins:

Answer 5

co-factor (activator)

Question 6

● Does not contribute to the biochemical process
● Medically Important because many of these types are toxic to man
● When exposed, it can cause severe sequelae

Answer 6

Non essential Trace element

Question 7

Based according to concentration?

Answer 7

Trace Elements
Ultra Trace Elements

Question 8

● Iron, Copper, Zinc
● Present/reported in mg/dL concentration

Answer 8

Trace Elements

Question 9

● Selenium, Chromium, Manganese
● Much lower than trace elements
● Reported in less than ug/L

Answer 9

Ultra Trace Elements

Question 10

Conditions leading to deficiency

Answer 10

● Decreased intake
● Impaired absorption
● Increased excretion
● Genetic abnormalities

Question 11

because they are obtained thru diet supplements or exogenous source

Answer 11

Decreased intake

Question 12

low absorption, low concentration in the plasma. If px has GIT abnormalities, even there’s a higher amount of intake, he or she cant absorb these elements

Answer 12

Impaired absorption

Question 13

abnormal kidney functions can cause the removal of excess in the plasma

Answer 13

Increased excretion

Question 14

inherited conditions (congenital)

Answer 14

Genetic abnormalities

Question 15

3 conditions focus on excretion and absorption of the elements

Answer 15

● Decreased intake
● Impaired absorption
● Impaired absorption

Question 16

● A common metallic element
● The 4th most abundant element in the earth’s crust and it is the most abundant transition metal
● Reduced form is the biologic form

Answer 16

Iron

Question 17

T/F. Ferrous form (insoluble in the plasma) → bound to protein transporter (Small Intestine)

Answer 17

True

Question 18

T/F. In the diet or vitamins, ferric form → must be reduced to ferrous form before it is absorbed by the SI

Answer 18

True

Question 19

responsible for reducing iron

Answer 19

Vitamin C

Question 20

(an enzyme that converts ferric to ferrous) can also
reduce iron in the intestinal epithelium

Answer 20

Ferric reductase

Question 21

iron could contribute to lipid peroxidation, atherosclerosis, DNA damage, neurodegenerative dse. Iron is present or highest in RBC but not in the plasma

Answer 21

prooxidant

Question 22

T/F. we don’t need prooxidant, instead, we need anti-oxidant

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Of the total ____ g of iron,
2-2.5 g is in hemoglobin,
130 mg is in myoglobin,
8 mg is in tissue,
3-5 mg in plasma (free and bound)

Answer 23

3-5 g

Question 24

Iron is stored as

Answer 24

ferritin and hemosiderin

Question 25

Iron is stored as ferritin and hemosiderin in the ff organs: Store in the

Answer 25

liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Question 26

Need in RBC formation; Important for the synthesis of hemoglobin

Answer 26

Iron

Question 27

What are the carrier protein?

Answer 27

Apoferritin
Ferritin
Apotransferrin
Transferrin

Question 28

protein that binds to the ferrous form in the intestinal mucosa

Answer 28

Apoferritin

Question 29

binds ferrous form of iron for storage. Low ferritin level is used as a diagnostic iron with iron deficiency

Answer 29

Ferritin

Question 30

protein transporter that binds the ferric form of iron for transport all throughout the body

Answer 30

Apotransferrin

Question 31

T/F. Ferric (diet) → in able to absorbed it needs to reduced into ferrous → ferrous can be oxidized back in the ferric form → apotransferrin will bind in the circulation

Answer 31

True

Question 32

transporter for the ferric form of iron

Answer 32

Transferrin