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[OS 202] A > Trans - Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Trans - Basal Ganglia Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of basal ganglia

A
  1. integrates feeling and movement
  2. initiates internally generated movements
  3. shifts and smooths fine motor behavior
  4. suppresses unwanted motor behaviors
  5. enhances motivation
  6. allows feelings of pleasure / ecstasy
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2
Q

corpus striatum - components

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

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3
Q

basal ganglia not included in the corpus striatum

A

subthalamus

substantia nigra

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4
Q

lentiform nucleus - components

A

putamen

globus pallidus

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5
Q

globus pallidus - components

A

globus pallidus interna

globus pallidus externa

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6
Q

striatum - components

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

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7
Q

separates the putamen from the globus pallidus

A

lateral medullary lamina

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8
Q

separates globus pallidus interna and globus pallidus externa

A

medial medullary lamina

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9
Q

caudate nucleus - parts

A

head, body, tail

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10
Q

caudate nucleus head is continuous with

A

nucleus accumbens and putamen (forming the nucleus accumbens septi)

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11
Q

caudate nucleus tail is continuous with

A

amygdaloid nucleus

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12
Q

claustrum is connected with which cortical areas

A

all, including insular, visual, and limbic

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13
Q

claustrum - function

A

regulation of emotion and sexual arousal

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14
Q

substantia nigra - type of neurotransmitter produced

A

dopaminergic

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15
Q

substantia nigra - connected to:

A

striatum

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16
Q

subthalamus - type of neurotransmitter produced

A

glutaminergic

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17
Q

subthalamus - connected to:

A

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

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18
Q

substantia nigra - excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

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19
Q

subthalamus - excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

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20
Q

direct pathway - function

A

facilitate movement

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21
Q

direct pathway - dopamine acts on:

A

D1 receptor

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22
Q

indirect pathway - function

A

inhibits movement

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23
Q

indirect pathway - dopamine acts on:

A

D2 receptor

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24
Q

direct pathway - effect on thalamocortical excitation

A

increase

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25
indirect pathway - effect on thalamocortical excitation
decrease
26
main sites of input reception in both pathways
caudate nucleus and putamen
27
relationship of both pathways to spinal cord
no direct input or output
28
dopamine in basal ganglia pathway - excitatory or inhibitory
inhibitory
29
glutamate - excitatory or inhibitory
excitatory
30
GABA - excitatory or inhibitory
inhibitory
31
caudate nucleus and putamen - neurotransmitter used
GABA
32
subthalamic nucleus - neurotransmitter used
glutamate
33
separates caudate from lenticular nucleus in coronal cut
internal capsule
34
separates putamen and claustrum
external capsule
35
layer immediately lateral to claustrum
extreme capsule
36
layer immediately lateral to extreme capsule
insular cortex
37
covers the insular cortex
operculum
38
corticostriate fibers - afferent or efferent?
afferent
39
corticostriate fibers - connect what structures
cortex and striatum
40
corticostriate fibers - neurotransmitter used
glutamate
41
[T/F] corticostriate fibers receive inputs from the contralateral cortical areas
F
42
corticostriate fibers receive the most input from what part of the cortex
sensorimotor cortex
43
nigrostriate fibers - afferent or efferent?
afferent
44
nigrostriate fibers - neurotransmitter used
dopamine
45
nigrostriate fibers - connect what structures
substantia nigra and striatum
46
why does the substantia nigra appear darker
due to melanin and other byproducts of dopamine secretion
47
striatopalladial fibers - afferent or efferent?
afferent
48
striatopalladial fibers - connect what structures
striatum and globus pallidus
49
striatopalladial fibers - neurotransmitter used
GABA
50
pallidofugal fibers - afferent or efferent?
efferent
51
ansa lenticularis - connects what structures
globus pallidus and thalamic nuclei
52
fasciculus lenticularis - connects what structures
globus pallidus and subthalamus
53
pallidotegmental fibers - connects what structures
globus pallidus and caudal tegmentum of midbrain
54
pallidosubthalamic fibers - connects what structures
globus pallidus and subthalamic nuclei
55
pallidofugal fibers - neurotransmitter used
GABA
56
Forel's field H2
thalamic fasciculus (ansa lenticularis and fasciculus lenticularis)
57
Forel's field H1
fasciculus lenticularis
58
quick lightning fast movements of face and upper extremities
tic
59
oscillatory, rhythmic regular movement affecting one or more body parts
tremor
60
involuntary irregular purposeless nonrhythmic abrupt rapid unsustained movements that seem to flow from one body part to another
chorea
61
slow writhing continuous involuntary movement
athetosis
62
very large amplitude choreic movements of the proximal parts of limbs causing flinging and flailing
ballismus
63
twisting movements that tend to be sustained at the peak of the movement, frequently repetitive and may progress to prolonged abnormal postures
dystonia
64
sudden brief shock-like involuntary movements
myoclonus
65
development of fixed postures and retention of limbs for an indefinite period of time in certain positions
catatonia
66
clinical features of Parkinson's disease
1. tremors at rest 2. rigidity 3. akinesia / bradykinesia 4. postural instability
67
main site of output for basal ganglia pathways
globus pallidus
68
main site of input for basal ganglia pathways
caudate nucleus and putamen
69
pyramidal system - pathway
1. motor neurons from primary motor cortex bundle together in internal capsule 2. motor neuron bundles continue to the cerebral peduncles, pons, and medulla 3. decussation at medullary pyramid 4. proceed down into the spinal cord
70
pyramidal system - the motor neurons that decussed at the the medullary pyramid go down the spinal cord to form the:
lateral corticospinal tract
71
pyramidal system - the motor neurons that did not decuss at the medullary pyramid go down the spinal cord to form the:
anterior corticospinal tract
72
extrapyramidal system - function
dampens erratic motions, maintains muscle tone and truncal stability
73
pyramidal system - function
fine, isolated, precise, specific, voluntary movments
74
extrapyramidal system - examples of tracts
1. rubrospinal tract - red nucleus to spinal cord 2. medullary reticulospinal tract - medulla reticular formation to spinal cord 3. pontine reticulospinal tract - pontine reticular formation to spinal cord 4. vestibulospinal tract - vestibular nuclei of medulla to spinal 5. tectospinal tract - from deep superior colliculus to spinal cord
75
nucleus accumbens - function
emotion and sexual arousal
76
structure immediately lateral to insular cortex in coronal cuts
Sylvian fissure
77
finer muscles have (smaller or larger) cortical representation
larger
78
which finger has the most cortical representation
thumb
79
where does the thalamic fasciculus terminate
nucleus ventralis anterior of thalamus

[OS 202] A (18 decks)

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