Trans - Brainstem Flashcards
1
Q
brainstem - function
A
- connect spinal cord and forebrain
- conduct ascending and descending fiber tracts
- center for reflexes
- contain cranial nerve nuclei
2
Q
which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the brainstem
A
3 to 12
3
Q
brainstem - major subdivisions
A
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
4
Q
what passes through cerebral peduncles?
A
- corticospinal tract
- corticobulbar tract
- corticopontine fibers
5
Q
cranial nerves exit through this structure
A
cerebellopontine angle
6
Q
space between cerebellar peduncles
A
interpeduncular fossa
7
Q
structure between anterior median sulcus and anterolateral sulcus
A
pyramid
8
Q
structure between anteriolateral and posterolateral sulci
A
olive
9
Q
the pyramid is mostly composed of these fibers
A
corticospinal tract
10
Q
the olive is a protrusion of what structure
A
inferior olivary nucleus
11
Q
corpora quadrigemina - components
A
- superior colliculi
2. inferior colliculi
12
Q
where is the obex located
A
apex of 4th ventricle, boundary between open and closed medulla
13
Q
obex - function
A
involved in vomiting and nausea
14
Q
what cranial nerves are unattached to the brainstem? where do they attach?
A
CN I olfactory - attaches to frontal lobe
CN II optic - optic chiasm –> optic tract –> lateral geniculate body
15
Q
CN III - where is it attached
A
level of superior colliculi, projects into interpeduncular fossa
16
Q
CN IV - where is it attached
A
level of inferior colliculi, only one to exit dorsally
17
Q
which cranial nerves exit dorsally
A
CN IV
18
Q
CN V - where is it attached
A
midpons
19
Q
CN VI - where is it attached
A
most medial CN along pontomedullary sulcus
20
Q
CN VII - where is it attached
A
lateral to CN VI along pontomedullary sulcus
21
Q
CN VII - root components
A
- median root
2. sensory root (nervus intermedius)
22
Q
what root of CN VII is larger?
A
median root
23
Q
nervus intermedius - define
A
sensory root of CN VII
24
Q
CN VIII - where is it attached
A
most lateral CN along pontomedullary sulcus
25
CN VII - which root is more lateral
cochlear root
26
CN VII - which root is more medial
vestibular root
27
CN IX - where is it attached
lateral side of upper medulla
28
CN IX - 5 branches
1. tympanic
2. carotid
3. pharyngeal
4. subpharyngeal
5. lingual
29
CN X - where is it attached
lateral side of medulla inferior to CN IX
30
CN XI - where is it attached
lateral side of medulla inferior to CN X
31
nucleus ambiguus - define
cranial root of CN XI
32
nucleus ambiguus - function
swallowing and vocalization
33
CN XI - spinal root - function
head and shoulder muscle movement
34
CN XII - where is it attached
between olive and pyramid
35
due to developmental twisting, dorsal structures come to lie (1)______ and ventral structures come to lie (2)______
1. posteriorly
| 2. anteriorly
36
in the brainstem, sensory areas are located (1)_____ and motor areas are located (2)______
1. dorsolaterally
| 2. ventromedially
37
general somatic efferent fibers innervate:
skeletal muscles
38
special visceral efferent fibers innervate:
facial muscles (muscles from branchial arches)
39
general visceral efferent fibers innervate:
autonomic functions
40
general visceral afferent fibers obtain input from:
organs and viscera
41
general somatic afferent fibers obtain input from:
receptors for pain, temperature, mechanical stimuli from skin, muscles, etc.
42
special somatic afferent fibers obtain input from:
special senses (ex. hearing and balance)
43
what cranial nerves are somatic motor nerves?
3, 4, 6, 12
44
what cranial nerves are special sensory nerves?
1, 2, 8
45
what cranial nerves are branchiomeric nerves?
5, 7, 8, 10, 11
46
what cranial nerves have nuclei in the midbrain?
3, 4, 5
47
Edinger-Westphal nucleus - function
control pupil size and lens length
48
Edinger-Westphal nucleus belongs to what cranial nerve
3
49
what nucleus of CN V is in the midbrain
mesencephalic nucleus
50
what cranial nerves have nuclei in the pons?
5, 7, 8, 9, 10
51
motor nuclei in pons (4)
1. motor nucleus of CN V
2. abducens nuclei
3. facial nuclei
4. superior salivatory nucleus (CN X)
52
superior salivatory nucleus belongs to what nerve?
CN X
53
sensory nuclei in pons (4)
1. main sensory nuclei of CN V
2. spinal nucleus of V
3. vestibular nucleus
4. cochlear nucleus
54
spinal nucleus of CN V - function
pain sensation in face
55
what cranial nerves have nuclei in the rostral medulla?
9, 10, 11, 12
56
nucleus ambiguous - which cranial nerves involved
9, 10
57
inferior salivatory nucleus - what cranial nerve involved, where is it located, what type of fiber
9, rostral medulla, general visceral efferent
58
dorsal motor nucleus of CN X - where is it located, what type of fiber
rostral medulla, general visceral efferent to GI tract
59
solitary nucleus - what cranial nerve is involved
10
60
solitary nucleus - function
tasting and smelling
61
spinal nucleus of CN V continues until what level
C2
62
what cranial nerves have nuclei in caudal medulla?
5, 11
63
nuclei in caudal medulla
1. accessory nucleus (11)
| 2. spinal nucleus (5)
64
decussation - define
crossing of fibers to the contralateral side
65
lamination - define
formation of layers, often arranged in chronological manner
66
reticular formation - function
autonomic functions - breathing, digestion, BP regulation, heart rate regulation
67
[T/F] grey matter is located outside of white matter in brainstem
F
68
spinothalamic tract - ascending or descending
ascending
69
spinocerebellar tract - ascending or descending
ascending
70
spinothalamic tract - function
pain and temperature sensation
71
auditory tract - ascending or descending
ascending
72
gustatory tract - ascending or descending
ascending
73
medial lemniscal dorsal column pathway - function
fine touch, vibration, and conscious proprioceptive sensation
74
ascending reticular activating system - function
consciousness, arousal
75
ARAS - ascending or descending
ascending
76
corticospinal tract - ascending or descending
descending
77
corticospinal tract - function
movement of skeletal muscles
78
corticobulbar tract - function
control of cranial muscles
79
corticobulbar tract - ascending or descending
descending
80
medial longitudinal fasciculus - ascending or descending
neither (mixed)
81
medial longitudinal fasciculus - functon
connect different cranial nerves (3,4,6,7) to control eye movement
82
another name for incisura
tentorium cerebelli
83
clivus - define
depression in cranium which supports the pons
84
basilar artery - where is it located?
midline of pons within pontine cisterna
85
what cistern overlies the pontocerebellar angle
pontocerebellar cistern
86
relationship of superior cerebellar peduncles to 4th ventricle
superior cerebellar peduncles form the roof of the 4th ventricle
87
differentiate intra-axial and extra-axial lesions
intra-axial - from inside the brain
| extra-axial - from outside the brain
88
tectum - define
roof of 4th ventricle
89
tegmentum - define
floor of 4th ventricle
90
tegmentum is composed of grey or white matter?
grey matter
91
parts of tegmentum (cross section)
1. sensory fibers and nuclei
2. motor fibers and nuclei
3. reticular fibers
92
sensory fibers and nuclei of tegmentum are located
dorsolaterally
93
motor fibers and nuclei of tegmentum are located:
ventrolaterally
94
areas of brainstem (cross section)
1. tectum
2. tegmentum
3. base
4. ventricle
95
tectum can only be seen in what region of the brainstem
midbrain
96
corticospinal tract is located in what area of the brainstem (cross section)
base
97
base is composed of grey or white matter?
white matter
98
in what region of the brainstem is the cerebral aqueduct found
midbrain
99
red nucleus - where is it found
midbrain
100
red nucleus - why is it red
iron content
101
red nucleus - function
crawling in babies, arm swinging in adults, movement in limbless organisms
102
what structures are posterior to the red nucleus in cross section?
thalamus and 3rd ventricle
103
in what region of the brainstem are the superior colliculi found
rostral midbrain
104
saccades - define
fast eye movements
105
saccades - what part of the brainstem is involved
superior colliculi
106
substantia nigra sends fibers to which part of the basal ganglia
striatum (putamen and caudate)
107
ventral tegmental area - function
pleasure, reward, fear, addiction
108
where is the oculomotor nucleus located?
floor of cerebral aqueduct
109
inferior colliculi - function
relay in auditory pathway
110
part of the brainstem functioning in defensive behavior, female copulatory behavior (lordosis) and happiness/relaxatio
periaqueductal gray
111
inferior colliculi recieve input from where, and relay information to where?
input recieved from contralateral ear
| output to medal geniculate nucleus in thalamus
112
nucleus that decussates in superior medullary velum
trochlear nucleus
113
locus ceruleus - what neurotransmitter produced
norepinephrine
114
what part of the brainstem has increased firing rate during arousal and stress, is slower in drowsiness, and is abolished in sleep?
locus ceruleus
115
boundary of rostral and caudal pons
attachment of CN V
116
what creates the facial colliculis
fascicles of CN VII loop around CN VI
117
where does the inferior olivary nucleus transmit its fibers
contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle
118
solitary tract - 2 parts
rostral and caudal
119
solitary tract - rostral part - function
taste input
120
solitary tract - caudal part - function
receive cranial afferent inputs related to cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal receptors
121
nucleus ambiguous gives rise to what afferents
CN 9 - stylopharyngeus
| CN 10 - other pharyngeal muscles
122
in what region of the brainstem do the vestibular and cochlear nuclei occupy the ventricular floor
pontomedullary junctin
123
what structure contains the decussation of the corticospinal tract
pyramids
124
what is the boundary of the rostral and caudal medulla
pyramidal decussation
125
structures in the ventral medulla
pyramids and pyramidal decussation
126
structures in the dorsal medulla
nucleus cuneatus, cuneate tubercle, fasciculus cuneatus
nucleus gracilis, gracile tubercle, fasciculus gracilis
127
nucleus cuneatus - define
1. rostral end of fasciculus cuneatus
| 2. origin of arm portion of medial lemniscus
128
nucleus gracilis - define
1. rostral end of fasciculus gracilis
| 2. origin of leg portion of medial lemniscus
129
which is more lateral? nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus
nucleus cuneatus
130
which is more medial? nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus
nucleus gracilis
