Transcription

Question 1

What is the central dogma?

Answer 1

The genetic instructions carried by the DNA must be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein

Question 2

What process cause DNA to form RNA?

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

What process cause RNA to form PROTEIN?

Answer 3

Translation

Question 4

What is mRNAs?

Answer 4

Messenger RNA

Question 5

What is the function of mRNAa?

Answer 5

code for protein

Question 6

What is rRNAs?

Answer 6

Ribosomal RNA

Question 7

What is the function of rRNAs?

Answer 7

Form basic structures of ribosome and catalyse protein synthesis

Question 8

What is tRNAs?

Answer 8

Transfer RNA

Question 9

What is the function of tRNAs?

Answer 9

Central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids

Question 10

What is snRNAs?

Answer 10

Small nuclear RNA

Question 11

What is the function of snRNAs?

Answer 11

function in a variety of nuclear processes, including splicing of pre-mRNA

Question 12

What is snoRNAs?

Answer 12

Small nucleolar RNAs

Question 13

What is the function of snoRNAs?

Answer 13

help to process and chemically modify rRNAs

Question 14

What is miRNAs?

Answer 14

MicroRNAs

Question 15

What is the function of miRNAs?

Answer 15

Regulate gene expression by blocking translation of specific mRNAs and cause their degradation

Question 16

What is siRNAs?

Answer 16

Small interfering RNAs

Question 17

What is the function of siRNAs?

Answer 17

Turn off gene expression by directing the degradation of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures

Question 18

What is piRNAs?

Answer 18

Piwi-interacting RNAs

Question 19

What is the function of piRNAs?

Answer 19

Bind to kiwi proteins and protect the germ line from transposable elements

Question 20

What is lncRNAs?

Answer 20

Long noncoding RNAs

Question 21

What is the function of lncRNAs?

Answer 21

Serve as scaffolds as they regulate diverse cell processes including x-chromosome inactivation

Question 22

What is trascriptome?

Answer 22

Set of all RNA molecules

Question 23

What can RNAseq do?

Answer 23

Determine the sequence

Question 24

What does transcription do?

Answer 24

Produces an RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of DNA

Question 25

How does RNA differ from DNA?

Answer 25

- RNA = ribose glucose whilst DNA = deoxyribose glucose - RNA has uracil base unlike thymine in DNA - RNA is less stable - RNA is single stranded

Question 26

Why is it important that DNA has thymine not uracil?

Answer 26

If uracil were used in DNA, cytosine deamination would be difficult to detect and repair

Question 27

Which statement is true for DNA: a) accurate, long term storage b) transient

Answer 27

a is correct

Question 28

Which statement is true for RNA: a) accurate, long term storage b) transient

Answer 28

b is correct

Question 29

What is more stable RNA or DNA?

Answer 29

DNA

Question 30

Can RNA act as a catalyst?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

What is RNA polymerase?

Answer 31

Use a DNA strand as a template to join free nucleotides make a new RNA strand

Question 32

What direction is RNA synthesised?

Answer 32

In a 5' to 3'

Question 33

What side the 5' of a ribose attach to?

Answer 33

phosphate group

Question 34

What side the 3' of a ribose attach to?

Answer 34

hydroxyl group

Question 35

What do you need for RNA synthesis?

Answer 35

- RNA polymerase - DNA locally single strand - Nucleotides (A/C/G/U) - Phyrophosphate is lost - 5' to 3' direction

Question 36

What provides the energy required for polymerisation by formation of a phosphodiester bond?

Answer 36

Breakage of phosphonanhydride of nucleotide

Question 37

Why is processing the ends of mRNA essential?

Answer 37

For stability

Question 38

Describe the processing of the ends of mRNA?

Answer 38

- 5' end of mRNA gets capped with an atypical nucleotide - 3' end of mRNA gets a tail of poly-A nucleotides - Introns, non-coding sequence have to be removed

Question 39

What is the process called when removing introns from pre-mRNA?

Answer 39

Splicing

Question 40

What are exons?

Answer 40

Coding DNA

Question 41

What are introns?

Answer 41

Non-coding DNA

Question 42

What are introns sliced out by?

Answer 42

Spliceosome

Question 43

What is a sliceosome?

Answer 43

ribonucleoprotein particles made form snRNAs that bind to proteins

Question 44

What is alternative splicing?

Answer 44

More than one protein expressed from a single gene

Question 45

How do mRNA leave the nucleus?

Answer 45

Through the nuclear pores

Question 46

What RNAs are selectively exported from the nucleus?

Answer 46

Mature

Question 47

What effects the half-life of the mRNA?

Answer 47

The sequence of the mRNA

Question 48

What determines how many times an mRNA can be translated?

Answer 48

the stability of an mRNA

Question 49

What can alternative splicing leads to?

Answer 49

Multiple different protein isoforms from a single gene