TRANSITION ELEMENTS Flashcards by Harry Shreffler

WHAT IS THE ORDER OF SUB SHELLS IN INCREASING ENERGY

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 4d

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What is a transition element

a d block element that can form at least one stable ion with a partially filled d subshell

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Which period 4 metals are not transition elements

scandium and zinc as they don’t form a stable ion

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Which 2 transition metals form a 4s1 shell

Copper and Chromium

as an electron in the 4s sub shell will jump to form a half filled or fully filled 3d shell that is more stable

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Why is scandium not a transition element

as its only stable ion (Sc3+) has an empty d subshell, which is not partially filled

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Why is Zinc not a transition element

As it has one stable ion (Zn2+) which has a fully filled d subshell, which is not partially filled

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3 properties of transition metals

variable oxidation states - as electrons sit in 4s and 3d sub shells

form coloured ions in solution

good catalysts

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Vanadium ions and their colours

V2+ - violet
V3+ - green
VO2+ - blue
VO3+ - yellow

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Chromium ions and their colours

Cr3+ - green/violet
Cr2O72- - orange

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Manganese ions and their colours

Mn2+ - pale pink
MnO42- - green
MnO4- - purple

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Iron ions and their colours

Fe2+ - pale green
Fe3+ - yellow

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Cobalt ions and their colours

Co2+ - pink

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Nickel ions and their colours

Ni2+ - green

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Copper ions and their colours

Cu2+ - blue

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Titanium ions and their colours

Ti2+ - violet
Ti3+ - purple

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How are transition metals good catalysts

they can receive and lose electrons in the d - orbital to speed up reactions

they allow substances to aDsorb to their surfaces which lowers the activation energy of a reaction

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Risks of transition elements as catalysts

Long term exposure of copper can cause liver damage

long term exposure to manganese can cause physical tremors

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Cu2+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

pale blue precipitate
Cu(OH)2(H2O)4

insoluble in excess NaOH so no change

Dark blue solution( part ligand substitution)
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+

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Fe2+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

Dirty green precipitate
Fe(OH)2(H2O)4

insoluble in excess NaOH so no change

insoluble in excess NH3 so no change

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Fe3+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

Orange - brown precipitate
Fe(OH)3(H2O)3

insoluble in excess NaOH so no change

insoluble in excess NH3 so no change

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Mn2+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

Pink precipitate
Mn(OH)2(H2O)4

insoluble in excess NaOH so no change

insoluble in excess NH3 so no change

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Cr3+ with OH- or NH3

and addition of OH- to precipitate

Addition of NH3 to precipitate

Green-grey precipitate
Cr(OH)3(H2O)3

Dark green solution
Cr(OH)63-

Purple solution(full ligand substitution)

[Cr(NH3)6]3+

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What is the structure of a metal complex

A central transition metal ion is surrounded by ligands bonded by dative covalent bonds

this is because the ligands have at least one lone pair so both electrons in the bond come from the ligand

What is a ligand and the three types

an ion, atom or molecule with at least one lone pair of electrons

monodentate, bidentate and polydentate

the 4 monodentate ligands

H2O 6 NH3 6 CN- 6 Cl- 4

The two bidentate ligands

ethanedioate ethane-1,2-diamine

What is the coordination number

the number of coordinate bond in a complex

bond angles in an octahedral complex

90 degrees

Shape and bond angle of cisplatin

square planar and 90 degrees

Structure of cisplatin

an anti cancer drug square planar complex with platinum metal ion, 2 ammonia ligands and 2 chloride ion ligands

How does cis platin cause death of cancer cells

the chloride ligands will be easily displaced from cis platin, and the cis platin molecule will bind to the nitrogen atoms on the DNA in the cancer cell as the complex is attached to the DNA it prevents the cell from reproducing by cell division so the cell will die

What is a disadvantage of cis platin

it can also prevent healthy cell replication which will increase the risk of infection and kidney damage

What factors will change the colour of a complex ion

change of oxidation state change in coordination number change in ligand

Structure of haemoglobin

Octahedral complex, 4 nitrogen are from the multidentate ligand haem, one nitrogen on the bottom is from a globin protein, and an oxygen or water molecule that is co-ordinately bonded at the top

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous

If carbon monoxide is inhaled the water ligand on haemoglobin is replaced with a CO ligand this forms a very strong co ordinate bond so its not readily replaced by oxygen or water therefore less oxygen can be transported and leads to oxygen starvation in organs

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Cu2+

pale blue precipitate

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Fe2+

green precipitate

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Fe3+

orange precipitate

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Mn2+

pale brown precipitate

Colour change with addition of NaOH to Cr3+

dirty green precipitate

Why is nitric acid added before silver nitrate when testing for halides

to react with any other anions other than the halides to prevent a false result

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ Colour

blue solution

[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] colour

blue precipitate

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ colour

deep blue solution

[CuCl4]2- colour

yellow solution

[Fe(H2O)6]2+ colour

pale green solution

[Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] colour

dark green solution

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ colour

yellow solution

[Fe(OH)3(H2O)3] colour

orange-brown precipitate

[Mn(H2O)6]2+ colour

very pale pink

[Mn(OH)2(H2O)4] colour

light brown precipitate

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ colour

violet solution

[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3] colour

grey green precipitate

[Cr(OH)6]3- colour

dark green solution

[Cr(NH3)6]3+ colour

purple solution