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Year 3 > Transition/Extras > Flashcards

Transition/Extras Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Sciatica for 4 weeks, what sign is most likely?

A

Reduced plantarflexion

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2
Q

Inversion injury to right ankle after stumbling off kerb - what fracture is most likely?

A

Avuslion fracture to 5th metatarsal

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3
Q

Localised pain at left iliac crest worst on lateral flexion of spine?

A

Erector spinae

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4
Q

What muscle does adduction/extension of shoulder and internal rotation of humerus?

A

Lattisimus Dorsi

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5
Q

Femoral nerve roots?
Obturator nerve roots?
Sciatic nerve roots?
Pudendal?

A

Fem - L2-4
Out - L2-4
Sci - L4-S3
Pud - S2-4

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6
Q

Definition of aplastic process?

A

Poor differentiation - hard to tell where cells have come from

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7
Q

3 most common locations for cancer in kids?

A

Bone, Brain, Blood

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8
Q

What cell responds to foreign bodies?

A

Histiocyte (aka Macrophage)

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9
Q

Which cause of bleeding in pregnancy causes no increased hCG?

A

Placenta praevia

Vasa praevia

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10
Q

Causes of pseudohyponatraemia?

A

Myeloma, hyperlipidaemia

high proteins/lipoproteins therefore less space for sodium to dissolve

This is NOT COMMON

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11
Q

What are most coliforms sensitive to?

A

Gentamicin

Gm -ve rods e.g. E. coli and Pseudomonas
Penicillins will never work on these

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12
Q

Treatment for intra-abdominal sepsis?

If pen allergic?

A

Amox, met, gent

If pen all: vanc, met, gent

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13
Q

Most likely cause of meningitis in:

  • neonate?
  • Kid <4
  • Young adult
  • Adult
  • Elderly
A

neo - group B strep, e coli, listeria

<4 - HiB

teen - strep pneumo (if fresher then meningococcal)

Adult - strep pneumo

elderly - strep pneumo, amox

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14
Q

Causes of granuloma formation?

A

Macrophages secreting IL-12

Lymphocytes secreting IFN-gamma

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15
Q

What happens to T-cells whose antigen receptors bind strongly to self-antigens?

A

Killed off in thymus during development

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16
Q

Which surface receptor is involved in transplant rejections?

A

MHC

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17
Q

What to alpha/beta T cells recognise which are present on proteins?

A

Epitopes

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18
Q

Intracellular microorganisms within macrophages are more readily killed in the presence of what?

A

IFN - which comes from Th cells

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19
Q

What kills virally infected cells?

A

Tc and NK cells

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20
Q

Plasma cells secrete antibodies that are identical to what?

A

The one that is on the surface of the parent B cell

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21
Q

Role of IL-2?

A

Causes clonal proliferation of lymphocytes

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22
Q

Role of IFN-alpha/beta?

A

produced by virally infected cells which stimulates response from Tc and NK cells

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23
Q

Role of TNF?

A

Causes neutrophil infiltration and fever - acute inflammation

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24
Q

Screening for coeliac?

A

IgA anti-TG antibody

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25
H1 receptor antagonists? | H2 receptor antagonists?
H1 - hypersensitivity H2 - sedation, GORD
26
IgE molecules attach to mast cells via what?
Fc - constant region
27
Type I hypersensitivity? Type II? Type III? Tive IV?
I - IgE mediated - mast cell, basophil, eosinophil - allergies II - cytotoxic - antibody + antigen induced cell lysis - e.g. haemolytic anaemia, Rh incompatibility III - immune complex mediated - IgG + IgM - e.g. SLE (can cause kidney damage) IV - cell-mediated (delayed) - T cells - e.g. chronic transplant rejection, MS, RA
28
Neutrophil immunodeficinenct?
Chronic granulomatous disease - shortage of NADPH oxidase - recurrent pneumonia
29
B cell deficiency?
Selective IgA deficiency - most common primary antibody deficiency - recurrent URTI - assoc w coeliac disease and transfusion reactions
30
T cell deficiency?
Di George syndrome - deletion on chr 22 - failure to develop 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches - heart defects, learning difficulties, hypocalcaemia, recurrent infection, cleft palate - NO THYMUS
31
Combined T and B deficiency?
SCID - X-linked - defect in gamma chain - defective IL-2 - recurrent bacterial and fungal infection
32
What activates peripheral chemoreceptors?
pO2 and H+
33
What does low pO2 cause in pulmonary vasculature and why? | How does this compare to systemic circulation?
vasoconstriction - don't want bring in CO2 too quick - V/Q match In systemic, low pO2 causes vasodilation
34
Barrel shaped chest?
COPD
35
Rifampicin induces enzymes - how does this affect Km and Vmax?
unchanged Km (conc at which drug works to half of Vmax) Increased Vmax (conc at which drug works best)
36
On line weaver burke what is Km and Vmax?
Km - Intersection with y axis Km - intersection with x axis
37
Patient on viagra who collapses - interaction?
Nitrate
38
Statin + grapefruit juice?
Myalgia | + drowsiness, dizziness, headache
39
Pain relief for OA patient on warfarin?
Paracetamol
40
Function of erector spinae?
extension and lateral flexion of spine
41
Only CN to run through the middle of cavernous sinus?
CN VI
42
Pharmacodynamics? | Pharmacokinetics?
Dyna - what drug does to body Kine - what body does to drug
43
Autonomy? Justice? Non - maleficence? Beneficience?
Aut - pt's right to make a choice based on personal values + beliefs Justice - treat others equally, distribute benefit/burden fairly Non-maleficence - do no harm Beneficience - provide benefit
44
Epidemiology triangle?
Agent, host, environment (time in middle)
45
Sensitivity? | Specificity?
sens - how good it is at picking up disease Spec - how good it is at not picking up other diseases
46
How long to check for signs of life? How long to breathe out for? Child CPR? Adult CPR?
10 secs 1 sec Child - 5 breaths then 15:2 Adult - 30:2
47
Case control trial?
People are matched to a control in order to get results
48
Cross section?
Group of people in one snapshot - time and space
49
RUQ pain radiating to shoulder?
cholecystitis
50
Portal triad?
bile duct portal vein hepatic artery
51
Loss of consciousness on turning head?
vertebrobasilar insufficiency
52
Alteration between diarrhoea and constipation?
diverticular disease
53
Mid diastolic murmur, tapping, undisplaced apex, best heart in left lateral position with bell?
mitral stenosis
54
systolic murmurs radiating to axilla?
mitral regurg
55
best heard when patient sits up, fully expires and stethoscope placed on left sternal border?
aortic regurg
56
Causes of neonatal conjunctivitis?
Gm +ve cocci (S aureus) Chlamydia Gonorrhoea
57
Vaccine givent o kids with asthma?
seasonal flu
58
Vaccine given to newborns of IVDU
HepB
59
Milestones: standing? smiling? simple instructions?
stand - 12 months smile - 6 weeks simple instructions - 18 months
60
Ix for malrotation (bilious vomit)?
upper GI contracts with follow through
61
Reflex anoxic seizure?
paroxysmal, spontaneously reversing brief episodes of systole triggered by pain, fear or anxiety - due to increased vagal tone (bump to head, transient systole and collapse)
62
Triad of ADHD? | Triad of autism?
hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention | social, communication, repetitive behaviour Aspergers only social
63
Muscle problem in C5?
rotator cuff
64
Muscle problem in C8
medial hand (small finger)
65
Mid dilated pupil?
acute closed angle glaucoma
66
Altitudinal field defects?
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
67
Flame-shaped haemorrhage?
diabetic retinopathy - more superficial - rupture of microaneurysm (dot/blot haemorrhage more deep)
68
tearing, photophobia, reduced vision, redness?
scleritis
69
Motor supply to tongue?
All hypoglossal Except palatoglossus which is vagus
70
SCC?
hyperkeratotic, crusted lump, fast growing
71
``` Where is breslow thickness measured from? <1mm? 1-2mm? 2.1-4mm? >4mm? ```
granular layer to deepest point of invasion <1mm - 95-100% 5-year survival 1-2 - 80-96% 2.1-4 - 60-75% >4 - 50%
72
How do robertsonian translocations work? Common one?
2 acrocentric chromosomes join together (e.g. 12 and 14) in one parent. When reproduce with another normal person, 4 possibilities: - Normal - Balanced translocation - Trisomy 14 - mosaic - miscarriage - Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome

Year 3 (19 decks)

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