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Molecular Biology > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Info encoded in DNA is transferred to ________________ and then decoded by the _______________ to produce proteins

A

mRNA
ribosome

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2
Q

What are the major molecules involved in translation?

A

messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomes
enzymes, other factors, energy sources

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3
Q

mRNA transcript carries a series of codons that interact with the anticodons of ____________________ so that a corresponding series of amino acids is incorporated into a polypeptide chain.

A

aminoacyl-tRNA

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4
Q

What structure provides the environment for controlling he interaction between mRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA and the full range of activities for all translation steps?

A

ribosome

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5
Q

ribosome behaves like a small migrating factory that travels along the mRNA template, engaging in rapid cycles of _______________ to build polypeptide

A

peptide bond cycles

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6
Q

_______________ shoot into the ribosome at an incredibly fast rate to deposit amino acids, and elongation factor proteins cyclically associate with and dissociate from the ribosome.

A

Aminoacyl-tRNAs

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7
Q

adapter molecule that translates genetic information into protein sequence by delivering amino acids to the protein synthesis machinery during translation

A

tRNA

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8
Q

each tRNA is specific to carry what?

A

one of the 20 amino acids

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9
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A

cloverleaf shape with 4 stem loops

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10
Q

part of the tRNA where the amino acid is attached

A

acceptor stem

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11
Q

part of the tRNA that contains the anticodon triplet that recognizes the complementary codons on mRNA during protein synthesis

A

anticodon loop

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12
Q

deoxyuridine stem loop

A

d-arm

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13
Q

TYC stem loop

A

t-arm

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14
Q

variable loop

A

v-loop

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15
Q

made up of 2 subunits that lock around the mRNA and travel along the length of the mRNA molecule reading each 3-letter codon

A

ribosomes

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16
Q

serves as a docking station for the tRNA that matches the sequence of bases on the mRNA

A

ribosomes

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17
Q

A site

A

binding site for the first amino acid

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18
Q

P site

A

binding site for the peptidyl tRNA

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19
Q

E site

A

binding site for the uncharged tRNA; exit site

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20
Q

Svedburg units for prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S
50S - 30S

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21
Q

Svedburg units for eukaryotic ribosomes

22
Q

a slow step that determines the rate at which an mRNA is translated

23
Q

the most rapid step in translation

24
Q

protein synthesis begins the the formation of an __________________

Study These Flashcards
A

initiation complex

25
what are the components involved in the initiation complex in E.coli?
30S ribosome mRNA template 3 initiation factors special initiator tRNA (tRNAmetf)
26
The 30S subunit binds to the mRNA template at a purine-rich region called the __________________________ upstream of the AUG initiation codon.
Shine-Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGG)
27
What codons are recognized by tRNA metf
AUG or GUG
28
Summarize initiation for bacteria.
The 30S subunit, initiation factors, and initiator fMet-tRNA bind to the mRNA to form the pre-initiation complex, which then recruits the 50S subunit to start translation elongation.
29
How does bacterial elongation start?
It starts when the fMet-tRNA enters the P site; this causes a conformational change which opens the A site for the new aminoacyl-tRNA to bind
30
movement of tRNA from A to P to E is induced by ______________ that advance the ribosome by three bases in the 3' direction
conformational changes
31
Where does the energy for each step along the ribosome come from?
elongation factors that hydrolyze GTP
32
required for binding of a new aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site and its translocation to the P site after formation of the peptide bond
GTP energy
33
What type of bonds form between the amino group of the amino acid attached to the A-site and the carboxyl group of the amino acid attached to the P-site
peptide
34
RNA-based enzyme that is integrated into the 50 S subunit and catalyzes the formation of each peptide bond
peptidyl transferase
35
What happens after the peptide bond forms?
the A-site moves to the P-site and the P-site is empty and moves to the E-site and is expelled from the ribosome
36
What are the nonsense codons that signal termination?
UAA UAG UGA
37
What codons do the bacterial RF1 recognize?
UAA and UAG
38
What codons do the bacterial RF2 recognize?
UAA and UGA
39
During termination, the release factors instruct peptidyl transferase to add _____________ to the carboxyl end of the P-site amino acid, causing the amino acid to detach and the new protein released
a water molecule
40
What happens first in eukaryotic initiation?
the small subunits recognize the 5'cap at the end of the mRNA and then move to the initiation site
41
what sequence in eukaryotes allows for the proteins to bind the small unit and hold the mRNA in place?
Kozak sequence (ACCCAUGG)
42
Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have more initiation factors?
eukaryotes
43
associated with 40S subunit and plays a role in keeping the large 60S subunit from prematurely binding
eIF3
44
together with met-tRNA, eIF3, eIF1, and eIF1A binds to the 40S to form the 43S preinitiation complex
eIF2
45
eIF4A, EIF4B, eIF4E, and eIF4G bind to the 5' end of the mRNA to form the _____________________________
cap-binding complex
46
What does the cap-binding complex do?
it associates with 3' end of mRNA via eIF4G which interacts with PolyA binding protein (PABP)
47
what does the 43S complex do?
It binds the initiation factors at the ' end of the mRNA and scans for initiation codon
48
Which initiation factor brings Met-tRNAi ti the P-site of the small ribosomal subunit?
eIF2
49
What hydrolyzes GTP and signals for the dissociation of several factors from the small subunit leading to association of the large subunit?
Met-charged initiator tRNA
50
What two elongation factors does eukaryotic elongation depend on?
EF-1 and EF-2
51
During eukaryotic elongation, each amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain in what 3 steps?
1) positioning the correct aminoacyl-tRNA 2)forming the peptide bond 3) shifting the mRNA by one codon relative to the ribosome
52
what is different about eukaryotic termination?
a universal release factor (eRF1) recognizes all 3 stop codons

Molecular Biology (8 decks)

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