Noncoding RNA and Regulatory RNA

Question 1

refers to mRNA that encodes protein

Answer 1

coding RNA

Question 2

the RNA molecules but not translated into the protein

Answer 2

Noncoding RNA (ncRNA)

Question 3

ncRNAs longer than 200 nt

Answer 3

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)and long noncofing RNA (lncRNA)

Question 4

ncRNAs shorter than nt but longer than 40 nt

Answer 4

transfer RNA (tRNA)
small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)
small nuclear ribonucleic acid RNA (snRNA)

Question 5

ncRNA shorter than 40 nt

Answer 5

microRNA (miRNA)
piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)
small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Question 6

The rRNA and tRNA which are constitutively expressed and required for normal functions are called ________________

Answer 6

housekeeping/structural nc RNAs

Question 7

an integrated part of the ribosome, the protein factory of the cell; associates with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes

Answer 7

rRNA

Question 8

-function as carriers of amino acids and participate in protein synthesis
-the decoding machinery that reads the triplet genetic code of mRNA

Answer 8

tRNA

Question 9

the ncRNAs expressed only in response to external stimuli that can affect the expression of other genes

Answer 9

regulatory ncRNAs

Question 10

The negative charge of RNA can neutralize the positively charged ___________, leading to chromatin decompaction

Answer 10

histone tails

Question 11

_____________ establish interactions with DNA to alter the chromatin environment

Answer 11

lncRNAs

Question 12

translation may be controlled by ___________ that interact with mRNA

Answer 12

regulators

Question 13

coding RNAs generally refers to ____________that encodes protein to act as various components including enzymes, cell structures, and signal transductors

Answer 13

mRNA

Question 14

some coding mRNA can function without translating to protein via the formation of RNA secondary structure primarily derived from the ________________

Answer 14

UTR

Question 15

Which ncRNA is involved in epigenetic process?

Answer 15

microRNAs

Question 16

Describe how miRNAs are involved in epigenetics?

Answer 16

they bind to a specific target (3’UTR) mRNA with a complementary sequence to induce cleavage, or degradation or block translation

Question 17

____________can function as regulators by base pairing to specific target RNAs and to proteins by several different mechanisms

Answer 17

Small RNA

Question 18

_________________a small RNA with a single stranded region that can pair with a single-stranded region in a target RNA

Answer 18

regulator RNA

Question 19

the best known family of regulatory non-coding RNAs

Answer 19

miRNA

Question 20

miRNAs generated from protein-coding transcriptional units

Answer 20

Canonical

Question 21

miRNAs generated from nonprotein-coding transcriptional units

Answer 21

Noncanonical

Question 22

Canonical intronic miRNAs are __________________ and are thus processed cotranscriptonally with protein-coding transcripts in the nucleus

Answer 22

Drosha Dependent

Question 23

___________________ can derive from small introns that resemble premiRNAs and bypass the Drosha-processing step

Answer 23

Noncanonical small RNAs (mirtrons)

Question 24

-large RNA primary transcripts
-self-complementary and can automatically fold into a double-strand hairpin structure usually with some imperfect base pairing

Answer 24

pri-miRNA

Question 25

an RNase III superfamily member endonuclease in the nuclease that reduces the pri-RNA to a 70bp hairpin shaped precursor fragment

Answer 25

Drosha

Question 26

RNase III family member that processes pre-miRNA to produce a short, double-stranded segment that is 22 bp

Answer 26

Dicer

Question 27

the complex of a microRNA bound to an Argonaute protein complex that carries out translational control, guided to its mRNA target in the cytoplasm by the associated miRNA

Answer 27

RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex)

Question 28

What are the two primary mechanisms used to control mRNA expression?

Answer 28

-degradation of the mRNA -inhibition of translation of the mRNA

Question 29

miRNAs can bind to the mRNA targets with exact complementarity to induce the __________________

Answer 29

RNAi pathway

Question 30

-regulate gene expression in germ cells and act to silence transposable elements -largest class of small noncoding RNAs expressed in animal cells

Answer 30

piRNAS (piwi-interacting RNAs)

Question 31

RNA typically produced during a virus infection

Answer 31

siRNA (small interfering)

Question 32

a process of silencing/knocking down the expression of the target gene

Answer 32

RNA interference pathway (RNAi)

Question 33

What is included in RNAi machinery?

Answer 33

-dsRNA targeting the gene to be silenced -Dicer -Argonaute proteins -RISC