Translation Younger

Question 1

First step in protein synthesis: code contained in a mRNA is put into a particular series of amino acids to form a polypeptide.

Answer 1

Translation

Question 2

The protein coding region of an mRNA contains a series of nucleotide triplets called what?

Answer 2

Codons

Question 3

How many different orientations are there for codons?

Answer 3

4^3= 64 possible codon combinations

Question 4

Nucleotides are read 5’ to 3’ and the protein is synthesized from its __________ (start) to its _________ (end).

Answer 4

N-terminus

C-terminus

Question 5

All start codons are ____.

Answer 5

AUG

Question 6

True/False: Not every AUG is a start codon.

Answer 6

True. only the first AUG encountered (5’ to 3’) is the start codon.

Question 7

AUG encodes for which amino acid?

Answer 7

Methionine

Question 8

What are the 3 stop codons? IMPORTANT

Answer 8

UGA, UAA, UAG
U go away
U are away
U are gone

Question 9

How many amino acids does this encode for?

5’-Cap- GGGUAGGCCUAUGGACUUAAUAGUAUGUUGAGGCAAAAAA-3’

Answer 9

Recognize start site, (counts for 1) + however many amino acids are between start and stop codon (don’t count the stop codon.)
ANSWER: 6 amino acids

Question 10

Each codon is specific for an _________.

Answer 10

amino acid

Question 11

True/False: Each amino acid can code for several codon.

Answer 11

True, there are as many as 6 codons for a specific amino acid

Question 12

If the DNA sequence is mutated, so that the codon is changed, but still encodes the same amino acid, it is called a _________ mutation.

Answer 12

Silent

eg. UCA to UCU both still encode serine

Question 13

If the point mutation results in a codon that defines a different amino acid, is called a ________ mutation.

Answer 13

missense

e.g. UCA to UCU- serine to proline

Question 14

If the mutation results in a change from an amino acid to a stop codon, it is called a _______ mutation.

Answer 14

nonsense

e.g. UCA to UAA serine to a stop codon

Question 15

If the insertion/deletion is NOT a multiple of 3, the mutation is called a ________ mutation.

Answer 15

frameshift

Question 16

IF the insertion/deletion IS a multiple of 3, it results in the ____________ of amino acids.

Answer 16

INsertion/deletion

Question 17

This mutation usually results in a premature stop codon and a truncated protein.

Answer 17

Frameshift mutation… The closer to the beginning of the protein, generally the more severe the mutation.

Question 18

Regions in a gene where a sequence of bases is repeated many times.

Answer 18

trinucleotide repeat expansions

Question 19

Where in the reading frame is a trinucleotide repeat?

Answer 19

Both within the cell and outside of the cell. They cause different problems

Question 20

For methionine AUG, what is the anticodon sequence of tRNA that would bind to codon and deliver amino acid? IMPORTANT

Answer 20

what is the direction?

5’ AUG 3’—- in 5’ to 3’ direction CAU

Question 21

What enzymes recognize amino acids and all of the tRNAs so that they attach amino acids to the corresponding tRNA.

Answer 21

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

dictionary/translator from amino acid to codon sequence

Question 22

How many different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are in humans?

Answer 22

20

Question 23

How many Pi bonds are broken to get amino acids onto DNA?

Answer 23

2 inorganic phosphates are cleaved and let go

Question 24

RIbosome site that binds an incoming aminoacyl-tRNA.

Answer 24

A site

Question 25

Ribosome site that binds peptidyl-tRNA.

Answer 25

P site

Question 26

Ribosome exit site, contains empty tRNA as it is about to exit the ribosome (note, eukaryotic ribosomes do not contain this site)

Answer 26

E site

Question 27

Protein that is generated on the ribosome that is associated with the ER is what? *important*

Answer 27

Secretory proteins

Question 28

Charging the tRNA, 2 high energy bonds from ___ (energy).

Answer 28

ATP

Question 29

Binding the aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site is from one ___ (energy).

Answer 29

GTP

Question 30

Translocation step- movement of the ribosome to the next codon- uses one ___ (energy).

Answer 30

GTP

Question 31

A total of how many high energy bonds are required for each amino acid that is added?

Answer 31

4

Question 32

tRNAs can recognize more than one codon for a specific amino acid... What is the name of this hypothesis?

Answer 32

Wobble hypothesis baby Wobble baby wobble baby wobble... Get in there

Question 33

Difference between polycistronic and monocistronic...

Answer 33

polycistronic- (mRNA could have multiple genes associated with it) *prokaryotes* monocistronic- *eukaryotes*

Question 34

What in the small subunit contains a sequence complementary to the shine dalgarno sequence that allows correct alignment of the small ribosomal subunit with the AUG start codon.

Answer 34

16s rRNA

Question 35

The vey first methionine after start codon (AUG) is going to be a _________ methionine.

Answer 35

Formylated

Question 36

General understanding of Translation, translocation of 3 nucleotides to the next codon.

Answer 36

A site empty, Formylated Meth in P site (holding site), next tRNA is put on A site and ribosome moves down RNA, and tRNA enters into the polypeptide chain.

Question 37

Once you have a stop codon what signals happen?

Answer 37

termination step begins.