TRANSPORT

Question 1

function of transport system?

Answer 1

delivers nutrients and oxygen and carries away cellular waste.

Question 2

why Some organisms do not need a separate system?

Answer 2

because they are very small or inactive (e.g., cnidarians, protozoa, bacteria).

(they have Small surface area-to-volume ratio.)

Question 3

why do Plants absorb water and minerals through their roots and transport them to the leaves and
stems?

Answer 3

for metabolic use eg photosynthesis

Question 4

give 2 examples of vascular plants ?

Answer 4

flowering plants , ferns . conifers, trees

Question 5

Algae and mosses lack a vascular system, therefore, they live in wet habitat, explain why?

Answer 5

so that water and food can directly diffuse into their cells

Question 6

what are the 2 main vascular tissue in plant?

Answer 6

xylem and phloem

Question 7

Why Do Organisms Need Transport Systems?

Answer 7

Get nutrients (like glucose, amino acids).

Get oxygen for respiration.

Remove wastes (like carbon dioxide, urea).

Question 8

what is the function of xylem?

Answer 8

transports water and minerals upwards the plant , from the roots to the leaves

Question 9

what is the direction of flow of the substance in xylem?

Answer 9

one direction , from root to leaves

Question 10

name 2 cells that xylem is made up of?

Answer 10

tracheid and vessel elements

Question 11

apart from transportation of water and minerals ,what other function does xylem have?

Answer 11

it provides structural support (Xylem gives strength and support to the plant. Its cells have thick, hard walls with a substance called lignin, which makes them strong and stiff)

Question 12

why does structural support matter in plants?

Answer 12

Keeps plants upright to reach sunlight.

Prevents stems and leaves from drooping.

Enables plants to grow tall, especially trees.

Protects delicate tissues (like phloem) from damage

Question 13

what is the cohesion theory of water?

Answer 13

explains how water moves through plants from the roots to the leaves

Question 14

What are the three main forces involved in the cohesion theory of water transport?

Answer 14

-Transpiration: Water evaporates from leaves (via stomata)
.
-Tension (transpiration pull): Evaporation pulls water up through the xylem.

-Cohesion: Water molecules stick to each other (like magnets) because oh hydrogen bonding.

-Adhesion helps water stick to the xylem walls, supporting upward movement.

-Root pressure: Water enters roots by osmosis due to higher mineral concentration in roots than soil→ helps push water up.

Water moves up a plant through a process called transpiration. First, water evaporates from the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. This evaporation creates a suction force known as transpiration pull, which pulls water upward from the roots through the xylem vessels. The water molecules stick to each other because of hydrogen bonding, a property called cohesion, which helps form a continuous column of water. At the same time, adhesion causes the water molecules to stick to the walls of the xylem vessels, aiding the upward movement of water against gravity.

Question 15

why do plants need to lose water?

Answer 15

Maintain continuous water flow from the roots to the leaves.

Cool themselves through transpiration.

Absorb essential minerals from the soil.

Carry out photosynthesis and keep their cells firm (turgidity).

Question 16

what is root pressure?

Answer 16

is the force that pushes water up from the roots into the xylem vessels.

Question 16

why do plants need enough water?

Answer 16

to remain turgid
for photosynthesis

Question 16

why must plants lose a lot of water through transpiration?

Answer 16

in order to pull water up from roots

Question 17

minerals cannot easily move through cell membrane, by what process do they move inside the root?

Answer 17

active transport

Question 18

what is active transport?

Answer 18

movement of substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration through semi permeable membrane, using energy

Question 19

what is semi permeable membrane?

Answer 19

only allows certain substance to pass through

Question 20

what is osmosis?

Answer 20

is the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

Question 21

what is diffusion?

Answer 21

is the movement of particles (like gases or solutes) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 22

function of phloem?

Answer 22

transport food (mainly sugars like glucose and sucrose) made in the leaves to other parts of the plant

Question 23

Plant starch (carbohydrate) is produced by photosynthesis. These starch molecules are too large to pass through cell membranes, how does this pass through than?

Answer 23

Starch must be hydrolysed into sucrose for transport through phloem.

Question 24

what is sap?

Answer 24

solution of water , sucrose , and other food molecules in the phloem

Question 25

what is translocation?

Answer 25

transport of sap

Question 26

why is sap under high pressure?

Answer 26

high pressure helps sap push through phloem

Question 27

Phloem tissue is made of two kinds of cells , name them?

Answer 27

sieve cell and companion cell

Question 28

function of sieve cell?

Answer 28

has many holes in the cell walls at both end to allow the sap to easily pass through

Question 29

what is the porous ends of sieve cells called?

Answer 29

sieve plates

Question 30

what does sieve plate have many holes?

Answer 30

for efficient transportation of sap

Question 31

what is the function of companion cell?

Answer 31

it provides energy to sieve cell for active transport and guides them where to carry food

Question 32

list 2 adaptive feature of sieve cells?

Answer 32

Sieve plates – have pores to allow sugar to pass easily between cells. Thin cell walls – help maintain pressure for sugar movement (translocation).

Question 33

list 2 adaptive features of companion cells?

Answer 33

-Many mitochondria – to provide energy (ATP) for active transport of sugars. -Have a nucleus – and control the functions of both themselves and the sieve tube element.