Transport in Animals

Question 1

definition of systemic circulation

Answer 1

blood leaving left ventricle to the body and back through right atrium

Question 2

definition of pulmonary circulation

Answer 2

blood leaving the pulmonary artery to the lungs to the pulmonary vein

Question 3

definition of double circulation system

Answer 3

one full circuit means the blood passing the heart twice through the blood vessels

Question 4

how is tissue fluid produced

Answer 4

blood plasma leaked out of capillaries

Question 5

which lacks large proteins and red blood cells

Answer 5

tissue fluid

Question 6

which lacks red blood cells only

Answer 6

lymph

Question 7

how much tissue fluid diffuses back into capillaries/into lymph

Answer 7

90% + 10%

Question 8

describe the structure of arteries

Answer 8

inside: flat cells to limit friction
middle: smooth muscle + elastic fibres
outside: elastic and collagen fibres

Question 9

describe the structure of veins

Answer 9

thin and has less elastic fibres and muscles
large lumen
semilunar valves

Question 10

describe the structure of capillaries

Answer 10

one cell thick - red blood squeeze through
single layer of endothelial cells
low pressure

Question 11

what is present in the blood

Answer 11

amino acids
proteins
mineral ions
blood cells
hydrogen carbonate

Question 12

structures of red blood cells

Answer 12

biconcave shape
small
flexible
no organelles

Question 13

function of erthrocytes

Answer 13

room for haemoglobin
increased surface area
small distance for faster diffusion
flexible to squeeze

Question 14

describe haemoglobin (6)

Answer 14

globular protein - four polypeptides
haem group
4 oxygen molecules
Fe2+
temporary binding to oxygen
forms oxyhaemoglobin

Question 15

describe leucocytes

Answer 15

spherical/irregular shape
larger than red blood cells
has nucleus

Question 16

what do phagocytes look like

Answer 16

lobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm

Question 17

order of size

lymphocytes/white blood cells/red blood cells

Answer 17

white blood cells > lymphocytes > red blood cells

Question 18

describe haemoglobin affinity with oxygen

Answer 18

the more oxygen atoms binded

the easier it is to pick up oxygen

Question 19

affect on oxygen affinity at low oxygen partial pressure

Answer 19

releases oxygen more readily

Question 20

affect on oxygen affinity at high pressure

Answer 20

released oxygen more readily

Question 21

percentage of carbon dioxide in what forms?

Answer 21

5% in solution
10% in carbaminohaemoglobin (cytoplasm)
85% as hydrogen carbonate (plasma)

Question 22

map of carbon dioxide transport

Answer 22

in red blood cell
- co2 + h20 + carbonic anhydrase –> H2CO3
(in cytoplasm) –> H+ and HCO3-
- co2 + haemoglobin –> carbaminohaemoglobin

Question 23

how does carbon dioxide and H+ unload oxygen (4)

Answer 23

carbonic acid formation - fast
haemoglobin has higher affinity for hydrogen ions than oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin is allosteric - release oxygen
forms haemoglobinic acid

Question 24

factors affecting oxygen transport

Answer 24

carbon monoxide and high altitude

Question 25

effect of carbon monoxide on oxygen transport

Answer 25

bind irreversibly and readily with haemoglobin

Question 26

effect of high altitude on oxygen transport

Answer 26

haemoglobin is less saturated can't transport efficiently more red blood cells produced

Question 27

describe atrial systole

Answer 27

atria contracts | AV valves open

Question 28

describe ventricular systole

Answer 28

ventricles contract | semilunar valves open

Question 29

describe ventricular diastole

Answer 29

all relax and blood fills in | semilunar valves close

Question 30

how do valves prevent backflow

Answer 30

difference in pressure causes it to close

Question 31

describe the heart beat control (8)

Answer 31

``` SAN sends out waves of excitation spread across the atria atria contracts AVN sends wave to ventricle atria and ventricle don't contract at the same time purkyne tissue conducts excitation to the ventricle spreads to ventricle walls ventricle contracts from base upwards ```

Question 32

what is the SAN

Answer 32

sinoatrial node - pacemaker

Question 33

what is the AVN

Answer 33

atrioventricular node - delay impulse

Question 34

what happens during low aortic pressure

Answer 34

semilunar valves open | atrioventricular valves close

Question 35

treatment for coronary heart diseases

Answer 35

angioplasty bypass surgery heart transplant

Question 36

when does the ventricles start to contract

Answer 36

when atrioventricular valves close