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Biology > Coordination > Flashcards

Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

definition of stimulus

A

change in environment that is detected by a receptor causing a response

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2
Q

definition of response

A

action resulting from perception of stimulus

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3
Q

three types of neurones

A

sensory/relay/motor

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4
Q

describe the structure of sensory neurone (6)

A 
long myelinated axon
cell body in the middle
one side is myelin sheath
other side is dendrone
many mitochondria in cytoplasm of axon
many vesicles for neurotransmission
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5
Q

describe purpose of sensory neurone

A

receptor to CNS

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6
Q

describe purpose of relay neurone

A

intermediate neurone

pass action potentials

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7
Q

describe structure of relay neurone (4)

A

long axon
pre synaptic terminal
cell body
dendrites

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8
Q

describe structure of motor neurone (8)

A 
dendrites lead to cell body
nucleus in cell body
many mitochondria
much RER
long axon
synaptic knobs
schwann cells
node of ranvier
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9
Q

describe the myelin sheath (5)

A

Schwann cells wrap around axon
to form myelin sheath;
insulate axon;
depolarisation occur at nodes of ranvier;
long local circuits;
action potentials move by saltatory conduction;

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10
Q

describe the reflex arc

A

Stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector

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11
Q

describe the purpose of reflex arc (4)

A

fast for protection
automatic
same specific response
doesn’t pass CNS

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12
Q

describe the transmission of action potentials (10)

A 
Na+ channels open;
Na+ enters axon;
depolarisation;
Na+ channels close;
K+ channels open;
K+ move out of cell;
repolarisation;
local circuits;
one way transmission;
happens at nodes of ranvier;
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13
Q

what is the resting potential of axon

A

-60mV

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14
Q

how is the resting potential maintained (3)

A

active transport
sodium and potassium pump
sodium ions out and potassium ions in
against electrochemical gradient

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15
Q

what gradient causes the flow of Na+/K+

A

electrochemical gradient

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16
Q

how is the speed of conduction quick

A

jump from one node to the next (saltatory conduction)

faster in thin axons with less resistance

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17
Q

describe action potential in taste buds (6)

A

Na+ diffuse through microvilli
membrane depolarised
stimulates voltage gated calcium ions to open
calcium ions flood in cytoplasm
stimulate vesicles of neurotransmitter to perform exocytosis
stimulation above threshold = action potential passed

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18
Q

describe the synaptic transmission (7)

A

nerve impulse reach presynaptic membrane
voltage gated channels for calcium ions to diffuse in cytoplasm
calcium ions cause vesicles with acetylcholine to move to presynaptic membrane and fuse with membrane → exocytosis
acetylcholine released and diffused across synaptic cleft
acetylcholine molecules bind with receptors on post synaptic membrane, Na+ channels open
depolarisation

19
Q

describe recycling acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase hydrolyses Ach → acetate + choline
choline reabsorbed into presynaptic neurone
Choline + Acetyl CoA → Acetylcholine
packed into vesicles to be released again

20
Q

what is the purpose of acetylcholinesterase (5)

A 
breaks down acetylcholine;
acetylcholine leaves binding site;
depolarisation stops in post synaptic membrane;
stops continuous action potentials;
recycle Ach;
21
Q

purpose of synapses (4)

A

one way transmission
interconnection between pathways
depolarisation of membrane
memory and learning

22
Q

describe muscle fibres (12)

A 
fibres are multinucleate;
cell surface membrane is sarcolemma;
sarcoplasm has many mitochondria;
sarcoplasmic resticulum membranes have protein pumps;
T system;
myofibrils;
myosin attached to M line;
actin attached to Z line;
sarcomere is distance between M line;
myosin is fibrous protein with globular head;
actin is chain of globular protein molecules;
tropomyosin attached to actin;
23
Q

what is present in sarcolemma

A

T tubules/deep infolds

24
Q

what is present in sarcoplasm

A

many mitochondria

25
Q

what is present in sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

many protein pumps

26
Q

describe the structure of myofibril

A 
A band
H band
I band
M line 
Z line
27
Q

events in neuromuscular junction

A

same as synaptic transmission but
sarcolemma
sarcoplasm

28
Q

process of muscle contraction (9)

A

in muscle fibres
sarcolemma is depolarised;
T tubules depolarised due to spread;
calcium ions diffuse out of sarcoplasmic reticulum through channel proteins;
calcium ions bind to troponin;
troponin changes shape and tropomyosin moves;
binding site of actin exposed;
myosin heads tilt through sliding filament model;
sarcomere shortens and muscle contracts;
ATP hydrolysis releases myosin from actin to repeat;

29
Q

what happens when ATP is unavailable in muscle contraction (5)

A 
no detachment of myosin head;
no hydrolysis;
no power stroke;
no recovery stroke;
no pumping of calcium ions in sarcoplasmic reticulum;
30
Q

definition of voltage gated channels

IONS

A

ion transport
open/close when voltage changes
specific protein

31
Q

describe threshold for action potential to occur

A

all-or-nothing law (as long as its above threshold);

action potential same size no matter how strong stimulus;

32
Q

where is FSH and LH secreted

A

anterior pituitary gland

33
Q

where is oestrogen and progesterone secreted

A

ovaries

34
Q

describe the menstrual cycle (14)

A

FSH secreted by anterior pituitary;
stimulates growth of follicle;
dominant follicle secretes oestrogen;
oestrogen stimulates repar of endometrium;
oestrogen inhibits further release of FSH;
increase in oestrogen day 14;
stimulates secretion of PH from anterior pituitary;
LH stimulates ovulation;
LH stimulates development of corpus luteum;
corpus luteum secretes progesterone;
progesterone maintains endometrium/buildup;
progesterone inhibits LH/FSH;
corpus luterum degenerature - conc. of progesterone falls;
endometrium breaks down;

35
Q

describe birth control pills

A

synthetic long lasting hormone of progrestone/oestrogen

36
Q

purpose of birth control pills (4)

A

suppress secretion of FSH;
thick mucus shielding sperm;
no ovum matured;
inhibit LH;

37
Q

describe electrical communication of venus fly trap (13)

A 
Mechanical energy converted to electrical;
Sensory hair cell;
Cell membrane depolarises;
Two hairs touched;
Action potential occurs;
Action potential spreads over leaf;
H+ pumped out of cells;
Cell wall cross linked broken;
Ca2+ enters cells;
Water enters by osmosis;
Cells become turgid;
Change from convex to concave;
Trap shuts quickly in 0.3s;
38
Q

describe chemical communication in plants (auxin) (11)

A 
Acid growth;
Proton pumps;
On cell surface membrane;
H+ pump into cell wall
By active transport
pH of cell wall decreases;
Activates expansins;
To break bonds between cellulose microfibrils;
Cell wall loosens;
Turgor pressure increases;
Cell expands;
39
Q

describe effect on cell wall with many hydrogen ions moving into cell wall (5)

A 
cell wall becomes acidic
activates expansins
to loosen bonds between cellulose microfibrils
allow cell wall to expand
turgor pressure
40
Q

purpose of gibberellins

A

stem elongation - activates cell division and cell elongation in stem

41
Q

how does giberellins cause these effects

A

regulating genes involved in synthesis of amylase

42
Q

what is germination

A

development of plant from seed after dormancy

43
Q

what is dormancy

A

very little water

metabolically inactive

44
Q

how does germination take place (6)

A 
water uptake initiates;
embryo synthesises giberellins;
aleurone layer synthesises amylase;
amylase breaks down starch into maltose;
maltose turned into glucose;
endosperm tissue contains starch reserves

Biology (19 decks)

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