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Transport In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Another name for Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Structure of red blood cell + purpose

A

Contains haemoglobin → binds oxygen reversibly, allows red blood cell to transport oxygen from lungs to rest of the body
Biconcave disc shape → increase surface area to volume ratio, increase rate of diffusion in and out of cell

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3
Q

2 types of white blood cells

A

Lymphocytes, phagocytes

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4
Q

Another word for white blood cells

A

Leucocytes

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5
Q

Structure of lymphocytes

A

Large spherical nucleus, clear cytoplasm

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6
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A

• produce antibodies
• antibodies → foreign bodies: agglutinate for phagocytosis by phagocytes

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7
Q

Structure of phagocytes

A

Lobed nucleus, granular cytoplasm

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8
Q

Function of phagocytes

A

Perform phagocytosis: engulf, ingest digest foreign bodies

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9
Q

Is virus a cell? Why?

A

No.
Virus are molecules → do not reproduce

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10
Q

Why does the red blood cell bind to oxygen weakly and temporarily?

A

Oxygen needs to move out of the cell

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11
Q

Definition of pathogen

A

A bacterium, virus ur other microorganism → cause disease

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12
Q

Definition of antigen

A

Foreign substances that enters body, triggering an immune response

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13
Q

Structure of platelets

A

Membrane bound cell fragments

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14
Q

Function of platelets

A

Involved in the process of blood clotting
Platelets release thrombokinase → activates prothrombin in blood plasma into active form: thrombin
Thrombin → converts soluble fibrinogen in the blood plasma → insoluble fibrin threads
fibrin threads trap blood cells → form a blood clot
Blood clot prevents:
1. Further loss of blood
2. Entry of pathogens into the blood stream

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15
Q

Structure of plasma

A

Pale yellow liquid made of 90% water by volume

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16
Q

Function of plasma

A

Contains, transports blood cells and dissolved substances:
Nutrients e.g. Glucose, amino acids
Metabolic waste products eg. Urea, carbon dioxide (in the form at hydrogen carbonate ions)
Other useful substances eg. Hormones: insulin, vitamins, mineral salts, plasma proteins

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17
Q

Function of arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • carries oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)
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18
Q

Function of capillaries

A
  • carry blood from the arteries/arterioles to the venules/vein
  • allows the exchange of substances between the blood stream and body cells
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19
Q

Function of veins

A
  • carry blood back to the heart
  • carries deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
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20
Q

What are the three structures of arteries?

A
  • thick walls
  • have elastic fibres in their walls
  • have muscle fibres in their walls
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21
Q

How does having thick walls allow the arteries to adapt better?

A

Arteries receive blood directly from the heart at high pressure;
hence need thick walls to withstand high blood pressure

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22
Q

How does having elastic fibres in their walls allow the arteries to adapt better?

A

Having elastic fibres in their walls allow walls to stretch under high blood pressure and recoil to propel blood forward,
thus maintaining speed of blood flow

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23
Q

How does having muscle fibres in their walls allow arteries to adapt better?

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A

It allows for vasoconstriction and vasodilation to control the distribution of blood to different parts of the body

24
Q

What are the two structures of capillaries?

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A
  • capillaries form a branching network
  • one-cell thick wall (endothelium)
25
How does forming a branching network allow capillaries to adapt better?
It increases surface area to volume ratio for faster rate of exchange of substances by diffusion and osmosis
26
How does having a one-cell thick wall (endothelium) allow the capillaries to adapt better?
The thin wall reduces distance across which substances have to diffuse, hence increasing rate of exchange or substances between the blood and body tissues
27
What are the three structures of veins?
- have semi-lunar valves - have relatively large lumen - located near skeletal muscles
28
How does having semi-lunar valves allow the veins to adapt better?
Veins transport blood at a low pressure and speed, hence require valves to prevent back flow of blood
29
How does having a relatively large lumen allow veins to adapt better?
It helps to reduce resistance to slow-flowing blood
30
How does being located near skeletal muscles allow veins to adapt better?
Muscular contractions help to push blood back to the heart
31
Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid.
- Blood pressure at the arterial end is high: forcing substances out of the blood plasma to form tissue fluid - Blood pressure at the venous end is low, allowing substances to return to the blood plasma from tissue fluid
32
What is the function of the superior / inferior vena cava (vena cavae)?
- transports deoxygenated blood from the major veins and the rest of the body back to the heart
33
What is the function of the right atrium?
- receives blood entering the heart from the vena cavae - pumps blood into the right ventricle
34
What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
- prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium
35
What is the function of the right ventricle?
- receives blood from the right atrium - pumps blood into the lungs
36
What is the function of the pulmonary valve?
- prevents backflow of the blood from pulmonary artery to the right ventricle
37
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
- transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
38
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
- transports oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart
39
What is the function of the left atrium?
- receives blood entering the heart from the pulmonary vein - pumps blood into the left ventricle
40
What is the function of the bicuspid valve?
- prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium
41
What is the function of the left ventricle?
- receives blood from the left atrium - pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body
42
What is the function of the aortic valve?
- prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle
43
What is the function of the aorta?
- transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the major arteries and rest of the body
44
Why is the left ventricle walls thicker than that of the right ventricle?
- right ventricle pump blood a long a short distance to the lungs - left ventricle pump blood a longer distance to the rest of the body - left ventricle need more muscular walls to generate sufficient force to pump blood further
44
What is the function of the median septum?
- prevents deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to mix with the oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart
44
Why are ventricular walls thicker than atrial walls?
- atria pumps blood along a short distance to the ventricles within the heart - ventricles pump blood a longer distance out of the heart to other organs - ventricles need more muscular walls to generate sufficient force to pump blood further
44
What are the two adaptations of the structure of the heart to it's function?
- ventricular walls are thicker than atrial walls - left ventricle walls thicker than that of the right ventricle
45
What is the definition of double circulation?
The heart functions to pump blood in one direction so that it passes through the heart in a double circulation.
45
What is pulmonary circulation?
It is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs back to the heart.
46
What is systemic circulation?
It is the flow of blood from the heart to all parts of the body back to the heart.
47
Describe atrial systole and ventricular diastole in the right side of the heart.
- right atrium contract, right ventricle relax - muscles in the walls of the right atrium contract, - forcing the tricuspid valve open, - allowing blood to be pumped into the right ventricle
48
Describe atrial diastole and ventricular systole.
- atria relax, ventricles contract - muscles in the walls of the ventricles contract and force the atrioventricular valves to close ("lubb sound"), preventing the backflow of blood to the atria - when blood pressure in the ventricles increases above that of the pulmonary artery and aorta, the semi-lunar valves are forced open, - allowing blood to be pumped into the pulmonary and aortic arches
49
Describe atrial and ventricular diastole.
- cardiac muscles in both atria and ventricles are relaxed - blood pressure in ventricles fall below that of the pulmonary artery and aorta, semi-lunar valves close ("dupp" sound) - right atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins - blood from both atria flow into the ventricles when blood pressure in the ventricles fall below that in the atria
50
Describe the full process of coronary heart disease (and how it may lead to heart attacks).
- High blood pressure causes the walls of arteries to stretch, over time, small tears may occur - such tears promote deposition of fatty material and formation of blood clots along the inner walls of the arteries - diet with a high fat content increase the amount of fatty material in the blood stream, thus increases the risk of deposition of fatty material along the inner walls of the arteries - when there is occlusion (blockage) of coronary arteries, less blood, thus less oxygen and glucose, can be transported to the cardiac muscles - muscle cells carry out aerobic respiration at a lower rate and less energy is released for muscle contractions, hence decreasing efficiency of pumping of blood - lack of oxygen and glucose results in eventual muscle death causing myocardial infarction (heart attack)
51
What are the preventive measures of coronary heart disease?
- low salt, low fat diet - manage and reduce stress - do not smoke tobacco cigarettes or inhale second hand smoke - regular exercise (LMDR)

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