Transport System - QUIZ Flashcards
(35 cards)
1
Q
Identify all of the parts of the heart in a diagram.
A
On paper / online
2
Q
What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood? (pulmonary circulation)
A
1 Vena cavae
2 Right atrium (thru AV valve)
3 Right ventricle (thru semilunar pulmonary valve)
4 Pulmonary artery
5 Lungs
3
Q
What is the pathway of oxygenated blood? (systemic circulation)
A
1 Pulmonary Vein
2 Left atrium (thru AV valve)
3 Left ventricle (thru semilunar aortic valve)
4 Aorta
5 The body
4
Q
Give reasons for double circulation / double pump.
A
- Deoxygenated blood pumped to lungs / oxygenated pumped to other organs
- Each side has atrium and ventricle
- Left atrium receives blood from lungs and right receives from body tissues
- Left ventricle pumps blood via aorta / right pumps via pulmonary artery
- Oxygenated/deoxygenated blood kept separate, all tissues receive blood w high oxygen
5
Q
Explain the roles of valves in the heart.
A
- Maintain a one-way flow of blood // prevents back flow
- Opening / closing controls timing of blood flow
- closed valves allow ventricles to fill w blood
- valves open when pressure is higher upstream
6
Q
Explain the events in one cardiac cycle / one heartbeat.
A
- The series of events from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next.
1 Blood flows freely into ventricles (diastole - 70%)
2 SA node fires - atrial systole
3 AV node “waits” then fires - ventricular systole
4 AV valves close
5 Semilunar valves close
6 Diastole - repeat
7
Q
Explain Atrial and Ventricular systole.
A
- (after diastole) relaxed chambers filled with blood
- Atrial systole; contraction of atria, remaining blood is pushed into ventricles
- Ventricular systole; contraction of ventricles forcing the blood out through the aorta and pulmonary artery
8
Q
Explain Atrial and Ventricular diastole.
A
- Atrial diastole: relaxation of the atria, the atria fill with blood from the vena cavae
- Ventricular diastole: ventricles to fill passively with blood from the atria.
9
Q
Role of the Sinoatrial Node.
A
- Located in right atrium
- Bodys pacemaker
- Sends out electrical signal (action potential) that stimulates contraction the walls of both atria and then ventricles
- Epinephrin increases heart rate
10
Q
Role of Atrioventricular Node.
A
- “waits”
- Sends signal thru bundle of his / purkinje fibers into ventricles to contract from bottom up
11
Q
Outline the reasons for delay between atrial and ventricular contractions.
A
- Impulses from atria do not pass directly to ventricles
- Impulses travel via atrioventricular node in wall of right atrium
- Impulses from AVN sent along bundle of His/purkinje fibers
- Ensures atria have ejected their blood into ventricles first before they contract
12
Q
Explain the heart sounds.
A
- Produced by the closing of valves
- First sound (lub) is closing of AV valves
- Second sound (dub) is closing of semilunar valves
- Healthy heart sounds like “lub-dub”
13
Q
Review cardiac cycle diagram.
A
slay
14
Q
Explain the control of the heartbeat / rate.
A
- Sinoatrial node is a specialized group of muscle cells
- SAN acts as pacemaker
- Sends out electrical signal which stimulates contraction of heart muscle
- Signal passes to AV node then thru walls of ventricles
- Medulla can change heart rate (increase/decrease) thru signal thru nerves (vagus nerve slows heart rate)
- Norepinephrine (from adrenal glands) increases heart rate (of contraction)
- Part of fight or flight
15
Q
Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells are related to their function.
A
- Intercalated discs; join cells together/resist mechanical stress
- Gap junctions; allow coordinated contraction
- Thick/Thin muscle fibers; Forms mechanism for contraction
- Abundance of mitochondria; Supply energy for continuous contractions
- Y-Shaped cells; allows for faster coordinated contraction
16
Q
What happens during the P-wave in an ECG trace?
A
- Atrial contraction/systole
17
Q
What happens during the QRS wave in an ECG trace?
A
- Contraction / depolarization of the ventricles
- Large amplitude due to large ventricular muscle mass
18
Q
What happens during the T-wave in an ECG trace?
A
- Relaxation/diastole of ventricles
19
Q
How do you calculate heart rate (bpm) using an ECG trace?
A
- R-R interval gives time it takes for ONE heartbeat
- DIVIDE 60(sec) by the time of one heart beat(sec)
20
Q
Explain the use of a defibrillator.
A
- Defibrillator is electrodes placed on patient’s chest
- Device determines when fibrillation is happening
- Series of electrical shocks delivered to depolarize heart muscle
- To re-establish function of SA node
21
Q
Explain the use of an artificial pacemaker.
A
- A pace maker connects to heart by wires
- Detects that hearts natural rhythm is incorrect
- Sends electrical impulses to correct heartbeat
- Provides a regular rhythm
22
Q
Explain how blood vessel structure is related to its function in arteries.
A
- Carry blood AWAY from heart at high pressure
- Narrow lumen (maintain pressure)
- Thick walls to sustain pressure (3 layers)
- Elastic fibers recoil in response to heart contraction (maintain pressure)
23
Q
Explain how blood vessel structure is related to its function in veins.
A
- Veins carry blood to heart at low pressure
- Veins have large lumen (less resistance for blood flow)
- Thin walls
- Valves in veins keep blood flowing to heart / prevent back flow
24
Q
Explain how blood vessel structure is related to its function in capillaries.
A
- Exchange materials / gases between blood and body tissue at low pressure
- Narrow diameter (to increase SA/Vol ratio for diffusion)
- Walls only one cell thick (minimize diffusion distance)
- Some contain pores (exchange of materials)
25
What are the components of blood?
PELP
Plasma - fluid component
Erythrocytes - red blood cells, transport oxygen
Leukocytes - white blood cells, immunity
Platelets - blood clotting
26
What is transported by the blood?
- Nutrients (glucose, lipoproteins etc.)
- Hormones
- Antibodies
- Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
27
Which materials go INTO tissues from the blood?
- Oxygen
- Nutrients from food (glucose, lipoproteins, vitamins, etc.)
28
Which materials come OUT of tissues and go into the blood?
- Cell debris
- Carbon Dioxide (metabolic waste)
29
Explain how materials are exchanged between the capillaries and tissues.
- Molecules move by diffusion/concentration gradient
- Nutrients move into tissues
- Gas exchange between tissues and capillaries
- Wastes move from tissues into capillaries
30
Outline the role of valves in veins.
- Prevents back flow
- Open valves allow blood to flow through
- Valves open when pressure is higher upstream
- AV valves prevent back flow into atria
- Semilunar (pulmonary/aortic) valves prevent back flow from artery to ventricle
31
What is atherosclerosis and how it can cause occlusions and / or clot formation in the coronary arteries?
- Build up of plaque deposits (fats, cholesterol, cell debris etc.) in arteries
- Fatty diet leads to plaque formation in arteries
- Plaque breaks off causing damage which activates blood clot formation
- Clots can cause heart attack
- Cause of coronary heart disease
32
Explain the consequences of occlusions of the coronary arteries and the risk factors for developing CHD.
- Occurs when there is reduction of oxygen to the heart muscle
Consequences; clots can cause heart attack / thrombosis
Risks; obesity / smoking / genetics
33
Explain how to measure blood pressure.
- Blood pressure monitor
- First sound is systolic pressure
- No more sound is diastolic pressure
34
State the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.
- BOTH are the force of the blood on arteries
- Systolic pressure is when ventricles contract
- Diastolic pressure is when heart is relaxed
35
Sate the causes and consequences of hypertension.
Cause; high blood pressure / high salt diet
Consequence; stroke / heart attack
