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TRAUMA random Flashcards

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1
Q

What is shock?

A

Hypoperfusion

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2
Q

What does etiology mean?

A

A cause or origin

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3
Q

What are the three etiologies of shock?

A

Inadequate volume, inadequate pumping, inadequate vessel tone

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4
Q

What is shock from loss of blood volume?

A

Hemorrhagic shock

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5
Q

What is shock from fluid depletion?

A

Hypovolemic shock

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6
Q

What are the 5 categories of shock?

A

Hypovolemic, Distributive, Cardiogenic, Obstructive, Metabolic

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7
Q

What are the 5 types of distributive shock (NAPS)?

A

Neurogenic, Anaphylactic, Psychogenic, Septic

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8
Q

What can cause cardiogenic shock?

A

AMI (heart attack), CHF (heart failure), Dysrhythmia, Cardiac meds, Cardiac contusion (trauma)

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9
Q

What are the types of obstructive shock (in the lungs)?

A

Pulmonary embolism, Tension pneumothorax, Pericardial tamponade

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10
Q

What are the 7 specific types of shock?

A

Hemorrhagic, Non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic, Anaphylactic, Burn, Septic, Spinal, Heart failure

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11
Q

What are some EMT treatments for hemorrhagic shock?

A

O2, stop the external bleed, ALS, rapid transport

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12
Q

What are EMT treatments for non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock?

A

O2, ALS, rapid transport

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13
Q

Epinephrine vs norepinephrine?

A

Similar but epi affects the heart and norepi affects the blood vessels

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14
Q

What are the two stages of shock?

A

Compensatory and decompensatory

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15
Q

What are the two signs that mark the change between compensatory shock vs decompensatory shock?

A

Altered mentation, Decline in SBP

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16
Q

What is a primary brain injury?

A

Injury occurring from trauma itself

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17
Q

What is a secondary brain injury?

A

Due to the pathophysiology following primary injury

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18
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?

A

Shearing/tearing/stretching of nerve fibers in brain

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19
Q

What is a subdural hematoma?

A

Blood collection between dura mater and arachnoid membrane (most common type of head injury), venous bleed

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20
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

Collection of blood between dura mater and skull (puts pressure on brain)

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21
Q

What are dermatomes and myotomes?

A

Sensory/motor nerves

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22
Q

What is the % of spinal cord injury of spinal fracture patients?

A

15%

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23
Q

What are the three types of spinal cord injuries you need to know?

A

Central cord syndrome, Anterior cord syndrome, Brown-Sequard syndrome

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24
Q

What spine parts control the diaphragm?

A

C3-C5

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25
What parts of the spine control the intercostal muscles?
C7-T1
26
What parts of the spine control fingers?
T1
27
What parts of the spine control flexion/extension of arms?
C6-C7
28
What parts of the spine control push/pull of feet?
L5-S1
29
What parts of the spine control finger sensation?
C6-C8
30
What parts of the spine control toe sensation?
L5-S1
31
What is hyphema?
Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
32
How do you transport a patient with hyphema?
Semi-fowlers
33
What is diplopia?
Symptom: double vision
34
What is subcutaneous emphysema?
Where air gets trapped under the skin, crackling sounds
35
What does the mediastinum house?
Trachea, vena cava, aorta, esophagus, heart
36
What is air in the chest cavity called?
Pneumothorax
37
What are the signs and symptoms for pneumothorax?
Pleuritic chest pain, respiratory distress, tachypnea, decreased lung sounds on affected side (if sitting upright)
38
What is the pathology of pneumothorax?
Trauma or spontaneous, air in pleural space, collapsed lung
39
What is the treatment for pneumothorax?
Gloved hand over wound, occlusive dressing x3 sides, O2 via NRB, beware BVM, NO CPAP
40
What is a hemothorax?
Blood accumulating in chest, deflate lung
41
What are the signs and symptoms for hemothorax?
Respiratory distress, decreased BS on one side (lower if sitting upright), pink frothy spit, signs of shock
42
What is pulsus paradoxus?
Weaker pulse and BP during inhalation due to decreased blood through heart and so decreased cardiac output
43
What are the three abdominal regions? (that are not the 4 quadrants)
Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric (pubic region)
44
During exhalation, where is the diaphragm?
Around T5 (nipple line)
45
What are the solid organs?
Spleen, liver, kidneys, pancreas
46
What are the hollow organs of the abdominal cavity?
Stomach, gallbladder, bladder, duodenum, ureters, urethra, fallopian tubes, small intestine, large intestine
47
What vascular structures are in the abdominal cavity?
Abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
48
49
What are some examples of baseline vital signs?
Respirations, Pulse, BP, SpO2, Skin, Cap Refill, Pupils, Capnography
50
What is the general RR range for an adult?
12-20
51
What is the general RR range for a child?
18-37
52
What is the general RR range for a newborn?
40-60
53
What is Trachypnea?
Fast breathing
54
What is the threshold trachypnea that would require a BVM?
Over 40 RR
55
What is the threshold bradypnea that would require a BVM?
Less than 8
56
What is auscultation?
Air flow heard using stethoscope
57
What are signs of labored breathing?
Accessory muscle use, nasal flaring
58
What are signs of noisy breathing?
Snoring, wheezing, stridor, gurgling
59
What is BBS?
Bilateral breath sounds
60
What pulse do you assess in anyone under a year old?
Brachial
61
What pulse do you assess in anyone over a year?
Radial
62
What are the central (axial) pulse points?
Carotid, femoral
63
What are the peripheral pulses?
Dorsalis Pedis, Popliteal, Radial, Brachial, Posterior Tibial
64
What is the adult HR range?
60-100
65
What is the child HR range for 3-5 years old?
80-120
66
What is the infant HR range?
100-180
67
What does HTN stand for?
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
68
What does SAMPLE history stand for?
Signs and Symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last oral intake, Events leading up
69
When taking history, what does OPQRST stand for?
Onset: sudden or gradual? Provocation: what makes it better or worse? Quality: can you describe it to me? Radiation: does it go anywhere? Severity/score: can you rate it on a scale of one to 10? Time: how long has it been going on
70
What are pertinent negatives?
Symptoms commonly associated but denied
71
What are we looking for in a physical exam with DCAP-BLS-TIC?
Deformity, Contusion, Abrasion, Puncture, Penetration, Burns, Laceration, Swelling, Tenderness, Instability, Crepitus
72
What is the ideal SpO2?
94%
73
What is the minimum data required for DOT?
C/C, Level of responsiveness, RR/effort, HR, Cap refill (6y or less), Skin color/temp/condition, BP, Demographics, Times
74
In MVC, what type of injuries could a frontal impact of up and over cause?
facial, Spine, chest, organ, head
75
In MVC, what type of injuries would a frontal impact of down and under possibly cause?
femur, knee, Spine, pelvic
76
What is a coup-contrecoup injury?
A coup-contrecoup injury is a traumatic brain injury where damage occurs both at the site of impact on the head (coup) and on the opposite side of the brain (contrecoup)
77
What is the difference between a Colles and Smith fracture?
Colles is outward, Smith is inward

EMT (13 decks)

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