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Year 3 Infection (JK) > Travel related infections > Flashcards

Travel related infections Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are travellers vulnerable to infection? (5)

A

temptation to take risks away from home
different epidemiology
incomplete understanding of health hazards
stress of travel
refugees: deprivation, malnutrition, disease, injury

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2
Q

List some infections common worldwide

A

influenza
STD
community acquired pneumonia
meningococcal

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3
Q

List some climate or environment related health problems

A 
sunburn 
heat exhaustion and heat stroke 
cold injury 
altitude sickness 
fungal infections 
bacterial skin infections (staph aureus)
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4
Q

Infections controllable with sanitation

A 
travellers diarrhoea
hepatitis A/E 
typhoid 
cholera 
food poisoning 
shigella dysentery 
helminth infection
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5
Q

Infections controllable with immunisation

A

poliomyelitis

diptheria etc

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6
Q

Infections controllable with education

A

HIV and AIDS

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7
Q

6 water related infections

A 
schistosomiasis 
leptospirosis
liver flukes 
stronglyloidiasis 
hook worms 
guinea worms
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8
Q

List some arthropod borne infections

A

malaria
dengue fever
rickettsial infections
leishmaniasis

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9
Q

list some emerging infectious diseases

A

zika
ebola
swine and avian flu

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10
Q

Vector for malaria

A

female anopheles mosquito

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11
Q

5 species of malaria

A

severe = plasmodium falciparum

P. vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi

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12
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

fever, rigors, aching bones, abdominal pain, headache, dysuria and frequency, sore throat and cough

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13
Q

Possible signs of malaria

A

splenomegaly
hepatomegaly
mild jaundice

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14
Q

6 complications of malaria

A 
cerebral malaria 
blackwater fever 
jaundice 
pulmonary oedema 
severe anaemia
algid malaria = gram -ve septicaemia
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15
Q

Black water fever

A

severe complication of malaria causing haemoglobinuria, acute renal failure, high parasitaemia, profound anaemia and severe intravascular haemolysis

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16
Q

3 ways to diagnose malaria

A

thick and thin blood films - giemsa, fields stain
quantitative buffy coat - centrifugation, UV microscopy
Rapid antigen tests

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17
Q

Try and name the 9 things which makes malaria complicated

A 
haemoglobinuria 
haemoglobin <8mg/dl
parasite count >2%
pulmonary oedema or ARDS 
renal impairment or pH<7.3
hypoglycaemia 
cerebral malaria 
spontaneous bleeding 
shock - algid malaria
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18
Q

4 treatments and durations for uncomplicated P. falciparum

A

riamet - 3 days
eurartesim - 3 days
malarone - 3 days
quinine - 7 days (+oral doxycycline)

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19
Q

Side effects of quinine

A

nausea, deafness, tinnitus, rash, hypoglycaemia

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20
Q

2 treatments of complicated P.falciparum

A

IV artesunate

IV quinine + oral doxycycline

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21
Q

Side effects of IV quinine

A

cardiac depression, nausea and vomiting

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22
Q

3 treatments of P.vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi and duration

A

chloroquine - 3 days
riamet - 3 days
primaquone

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23
Q

When is primaquone used in treatment?

A

P. vivax and ovale

or to eradicate liver hypnozoites

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24
Q

What must you check for before giving primaquine?

A

G6PD deficiency

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25
4 malaria control programmes
mosquito breeding sites - drain standing water larvacides mosquito killing sprays human behaviour
26
2 causative organisms of typhoid fever
salmonella typhi | salmonella paratyphi
27
How is salmonella (para) tyhphi spread?
poor sanitation and unclean drinking water
28
incubation period of typhoid fever
7 days to 4 weeks
29
1st week typhoid fever symptoms
fever, headache, abdo discomfort, constipation, dry cough, relative bradycardia, neutrophilia, confusion
30
2nd week typhoid fever symptoms
fever peaks at 7-10days, rose spots on trunk, diarrhoea, tachycardia, neutropenia
31
3rd week complications of typhoid fever
perforation, intestinal bleeding, peritonism, metastatic infection
32
relapse % in 4th week of typhoid fever
10-15
33
Why is clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever difficult?
evolution of features
34
Lab diagnosis of typhoid fever
salmonella typhi or paratyphi culture blood, urine and stool culture bone marrow??
35
Treatment of typhoid fever
``` oral azithromycin IV ceftriaxone (complicated) ```
36
What mosquito transmits dengue fever?
aedes aegypti
37
onset of symptoms of dengue fever
sudden onset of - fever - arthralgia and myalgia - headache and retroorbital pain
38
signs of dengue fever
macular/maculopapular rash | haemorrhagic signs - petechiae, purpura, +ve tourniquet test
39
tourniquet test
capillary fragility
40
4 clinical diagnostics of dengue fever
thrombocytopenia leucopenia high transaminases +ve tourniquet test
41
2 lab diagnosis of dengue fever
PCR and serology
42
Complications of dengue fever
dengue haemorrhagic fever | dengue shock syndrome
43
3 Treatments of complications of dengue fever
IV fluids fresh frozen plasma platelets
44
2 ways to prevent dengue fever
avoid bites | new vaccine dengvaxia (2016)?
45
3 causative organisms of schistosomiasis
s. haematobium s. mansoni s. japonicum
46
What animal is used in the transmission of schistosomisasis?
fresh water snails
47
5 stages of schistosomisasis
``` swimmers itch (hrs) invasive stage (>24hrs) katayama fever (15--20 days) acute disease (6-8 weeks) chronic disease ```
48
invasive stage of schistosomisasis signs
cough splenomegaly abdominal pain
49
katayama fever of schistosomisasis signs
fever urticaria diarrhoea Lymph nodes
50
acute disease schistosomisasis signs
eggs in bowel or bladder
51
diagnosis of schistosomisasis
clinical antibody tests ova in stools and urine rectal snip
52
Treatment of schistosomisasis
praziquantel | prednisolone if severe
53
signs of rickettsiosis
tick bite | amculopapular rash
54
2 causative organisms of rickettsiosis
R. conorii | R. africae
55
clinical features of rickettsiosis
``` swinging fever confusion bleeding headache endovasculitis rash ```
56
How is rickettsiosis diagnosed?
clinical features and serology
57
management of rickettsiosis
tetracycline
58
List some viral haemorrhagic fevers
ebola | CCHF
59
maximum incubation of VHF?
3 weeks
60
treatments of viral haemorrhagic fevers
isolation | supportive
61
what type of virus is zika?
flavivirus
62
Mosquito in zika and when they bite
aedes mosquito | daytime
63
How else can zika be transmitted?
sexual contact and blood transfusion
64
What other infections is zika related to?
dengue fever and yellow fever
65
clinical features of zika
``` headache rash fever malaise joint pains conjunctivitis ```
66
What can zika cause in pregnancy?
microcephaly and neurological problems
67
What can zika virus cause?
guillian barre syndrome
68
treatment for zika virus
no antivirals mosquito control measures vaccines in development
69
History in a returning traveller with fever
tropical area? precautions? risk? symptoms? incubation period
70
Infections causing a rash
typhoid, typhus and dengue
71
Infections causing jaundice
hepatitis, malaria, yellow fever
72
Infections causing LN
leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis
73
infections affecting the liver
malaria, typhoid, amoebic abscess
74
Infections affecting the spleen
visceral leishmaniasis, typhoid, malaria
75
Investigations for fever in returning traveller
``` FBC malaria blood films LFT CXR blood culture stool microscopy and culture urinalysis and culture ```
76
Treatment for fever in returning traveller
Isolation - PPE? supportive measures empirical treatments specific treatment

Year 3 Infection (JK) (12 decks)

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