Zoonoses

Question 1

Zoonoses

Answer 1

Infections that can pass between living animals and humans

Question 2

Who is the source of infection in zoonoses?

Answer 2

animal

Question 3

Who definition of zoonoses

Answer 3

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrae animals and humans

Question 4

Is malria a zoonosis? why?

Answer 4

no

depend on the human host for part of their life cycle

Question 5

Describe anthroponosis and examples

Answer 5

reverse zoonoses when humans infect animals

influenza and strep throat

Question 6

4 causative pathogens of zoonoses

Answer 6

bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites

Question 7

2 strategies pathogens develop to ensure their survival/propagation

Answer 7

cause chronic infection to survive

non-human reservoir eg monkey

Question 8

List some common zoonoses in the UK

Answer 8

campylobacter 
toxoplasma 
salmonella
Q fever 
ringworm
psittacosis

Question 9

Define emerging zoonosis

Answer 9

A zoonosis that is newly recognised or evolved that has occurred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion of host, vector or geographical area

Question 10

Name some emerging zoonoses

Answer 10

monkey pox
avian influenza
rabies
brucellosis

Question 11

Causative organism of rabies and describe it briefly

Answer 11

lyssavirus - viral infection

transmitted from bite of infected animal and mainly is dogs and bats

Question 12

Incubation period of rabies and how does it travel to the brain?

Answer 12

2 weeks to several months

peripheral nerves

Question 13

Acute encephalitis features of rabies

Answer 13

malaise, headache and fever 
mania, lethargy, coma
overproduction of saliva and tears 
unable to swallow and hydrophobia 
death by resp failure

Question 14

Diagnosis of rabies

Answer 14

difficult
PCR of saliva or CSF
often by most mortem or brain biopsy

Question 15

Is rabies always fatal if untreated?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

Explain the post exposure prophylaxis procedure after a bute

Answer 16

human rabies immunoglobulin - HRIG
infiltrated around the bite if possible
+ 4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days

Question 17

How is brucellosis passed on?

Answer 17

organisms excreted in milk, placenta and aborted foetus

Question 18

4 ways humans can be infected with brucellosis

Answer 18

during birth
consume infected unpasteurised products
milking infected animals
handling carcasses of infected animals

Question 19

Why must you warn the lab in brucellosis?

Answer 19

risk of spread

Question 20

Describe the brucella bacteria

Answer 20

small, gram negative, coccobacilli

Question 21

Incubation period of brucellosis

Answer 21

5-30 days but can be up to 6 months

Question 22

Treatment of brucellosis

Answer 22

long acting doxycycline for 2-3 months and rifampicin or Im gentamicin for the 1st week
add cotrimoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease

Question 23

Acute presentation of brucellosis

Answer 23

fever, headache, sweats and splenomegaly

Question 24

Subacute presentation of brucellosis

Answer 24

fever and joint pains - knee, hip, back (SI)

Question 25

Chronic presentation of brucellosis

Answer 25

flu like chronic arthritis and endocarditis

Question 26

subclinical presentation of brucellosis

Answer 26

50% exposed have positive serology

Question 27

Who was leptospirosis common in?

Answer 27

NE Scotland fish workers and miners - rat bites and urine

Question 28

Causative organism of leptospirosis

Answer 28

L. icterohaemorrhagica and L.hardjo

Question 29

Symptoms of leptospirosis

Answer 29

flu-like then jaundice and renal failure

Question 30

How does leptospirosis get into the human?

Answer 30

penetrate abraded skin or mucous membranes

Question 31

Why is leptospirosis one of the most widespread zoonoses?

Answer 31

survive in environment for weeks to months

Question 32

Explain the changing epidemiology of zoonoses

Answer 32

traditionally an occupational disease | no seen in Thailand and climate change/disasters

Question 33

Severe leptospirosis can lead to...

Answer 33

weil's disease pulmonary haemorrhage death

Question 34

weil's disease

Answer 34

traid of jaundice, AKI and bleeding

Question 35

Diagnosing leptospirosis

Answer 35

think of it - fever in cattle farmer or those in contact with water and rats microscopic agglutination test - paired sera ELISA serology, PCR, culture?

Question 36

Treatment of leptospirosis

Answer 36

doxycycline - mild iv penicillin - severe prompt dialysis and mechanical ventilation

Question 37

How is lymes disease transmitted and the name of this

Answer 37

tick | ixodes ricinus

Question 38

What time of year is lyme most common? Why?

Answer 38

summer - ticks like humidity and active >4 degrees

Question 39

Erythema migrans

Answer 39

80-90% cases and is a clinical diagnosis with multiple or single lesions

Question 40

ACA (lyme)

Answer 40

elderly, European, extensor surfaces of distal extremities | bluish red discolouration and peripheral neuropathy

Question 41

Lymphocytoma

Answer 41

bluish solitary painless nodule on earlobe or aerola | children

Question 42

Neuroborreliosis triad

Answer 42

facial palsy radicular pain lymphocytic meningitis

Question 43

USA lyme differences

Answer 43

cardiac disorders more common | arthritis more common - knee

Question 44

Diagnosing lyme

Answer 44

paired blood and CSF serology EM PCR synovial fluid ACA and lymphocytoma and high serology titres

Question 45

Treating lyme

Answer 45

oral doxycycline/amoxicillin iv ceftriaxone 21 days or 28 days in arthritis/ACA