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histo 2 > travers 2 (saliva) > Flashcards

travers 2 (saliva) Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is a somewhat standard definition of hypo salvation

A

salivary flow rates of less than 0.1 ml/min

2/3 reduction of normal levels

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2
Q

What can cause hypo salivation

A

genetic
medications
systemic diseases
head and neck radiotherapy

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3
Q

What medications commonly cause hyposalivation

A 
anti-cholinergic
diuretics
antidepressants
anti histamines
antihypertensives
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4
Q

What systemic diseases can cause hyposalivation

A

mumps (temporary)
sjorgen’s
diabetes mellitus
HIV

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5
Q

What causes the initial negative effects of radiation? later negative effects?

A

effect on gland function

actual cell death

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6
Q

What cells are primarily affected by radiation

A

acinar cells

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7
Q

How do you manage hyposalivation

A

frequent dental visits/prophy

artificial saliva

salivary stimulants (chewing gum, candies0

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8
Q

Why does mumps cause hyposalivation

A

it fucks up the parotid gland

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9
Q

What are sialoliths

A

stones that can occlude salivary ducts (often submandibular)

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10
Q

Can viruses replicate and shed into saliva?

A

yes

EB, herpes for example

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11
Q

What type of glands are salivary glands

A

exocrine (duct to epithelial surface)

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12
Q

What is normal unstimulated saliva flow

A

0.3-0.4 ml/min

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13
Q

What is the normal volume of saliva in the mouth

A

0.8- 1.1 mL

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14
Q

What is a normal flow rate during sleep

A

0.1 ml/min (much lower than normal)

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15
Q

What gland contributes most to the volume of saliva in the mouth? what kind of saliva is it?

A

parotid (60%)

pure serous (watery), main source of amylase

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16
Q

How much saliva does the submandibular gland produce? What kind?

A

25%

mixed serous/mucous

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17
Q

How much saliva does the sublingual gland produce? What kind?

A

7-8%

mixed serous/mucous

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18
Q

What do von ebner’s glands produce

A

pure serous glands

lingual lipase

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19
Q

What do other minor salivary glands produce

A

mucins (proteins for lubrication)

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20
Q

What are the major functions of saliva

A 
protection
buffering
tooth integrity
antimicrobial
tissue repair
digestion
taste
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21
Q

What protein plays a role in the protective function of saliva

A

mucins: highly glycolsylated, lubricate, and trap bacteria/sugar

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22
Q

What molecule plays a role in the buffering function of saliva

A

bicarbonate

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23
Q

What protein plays a role in the tooth integrity function of saliva

A

calcium binding proteins

statherin allows saliva to be supersaturated with calcium

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24
Q

What protein plays a role in the antimicrobial function of saliva

A 
lysozyme
peroxidase
defensins
histamines
IgA
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25
What protein plays a role in the tissue repair function of saliva
growth factors
26
What protein plays a role in the digestive function of saliva
mucins (for chewing/swallowing) amylase and lipase
27
What protein plays a role in the taste function of saliva
stuff needs to be dissolved in water to taste it
28
What gland empties into wharton's duct
submandibular
29
What gland empties into bartholin's and rivinus's duct
sublingual
30
What gland empties into stenson's duct
parotid
31
What does the stroma of a salivary gland do? what kind of tissue?
provides structural support, forms capsule and organizes it into lobes connective tissue
32
What does the parenchyma of a salivary gland do? what kind of tissue?
makes the saliva and discharges it to final destination epithelial tissue
33
What does the stroma contain
``` fibroblasts blood vessels nerve fibers plasma cells fat cells ```
34
What are the two components of parenchyma
acini (grapes) | ducts
35
What week does the parotid gland start to develop
6th week IU (beginning)
36
What week does the submandibular gland start to develop
6th week IU (end)
37
What week does the sublingual gland start to develop
8-12 weeks IU
38
What embryonic tissue does the parenchyma come from
ectoderm or endoderm
39
What embryonic tissue does the stroma come from
neural crest
40
How do salivary glands develop
1. protrusion of epithelial cells in mesenchyme and bud formation (kind of like odonotgeneis) 2. strong epithelial-mesenchyme interactions 3. branching morphogenesis 4. cavitation
41
How does e-cadherin relate to branching morphogenesis?
the cell redirects e-cadherin expression at the cleft where branching occurs (not simply turning it off)
42
What are the two actions cleftin (BTBD7)
suppresses e-cadherin expression***most imp up regulates snail2
43
What induces expression of cleftin?
fibronectin
44
What does snail2 do (probably)
transcription factor that probably promotes a change in cell shape in salivary glands during branching
45
Are acini cells h2o permeable?
yes
46
Describe the primary secretion of acinar cells
isotonic | water, ions, proteins
47
Are duct cells permeable?
no
48
What do duct cells secrete?
bicarbonate | proteins
49
What do duct cells resorb?
sodium and chloride
50
Secondary secretion: isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic?
hypotonic
51
What controls salivary secretion?
neural control--different than most glands (blood born hormones) parasymp and symp
52
What two cranial nerves are important for salivary glands
VII, IX
53
What branch of the ANS is responsible for protein secretion
sympathetic NS produces a protein rich, viscous solution that is not voluminous
54
What neurotransmitter is associated with sympathetic activation
norepinephrine starts cAMP cascade -- PKA activated, stimulates protein synthesis
55
What branch of the ANS would produce watery, copious saliva
parasympathetic
56
What neurotransmitter is associated with parasympathetic activation
Ach coupled with phospholipase C, eventually liberates Ca++ from ER, creating a concentration gradient to draw water out
57
put in correct order: salivary glands form branching structure tongue develops salivary gland begin development cavitation occurs in salivary glands
1. tongue develops 2. salivary glands develop 3. salivary glands begin branching 4. cavitation occurs
58
T/F: Branching in the salivary glands involves expression of a molecule called "cleftin" which in turn increases expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules.
false
59
Saliva in the intercalated ducts is:
isotonic
60
saliva in the oral cavity is:
hypotonic
61
Why is saliva in the oral cavity isotonic?
due to the action of striated ducts NOT due to the action of excretory ducts

histo 2 (8 decks)

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