tre

Question 2

What is this?

Answer 2

Fracture plate
Used in conjunction with screws to interally fix a bone fracture

Question 3

What is this? What is it an example of? When are these useful?

Answer 3

Gelofusin (artificial colloid)
Colloids raise plasma oncotic pressure + expand intravascular compartment
Natural: blood + albumin
Useful in shock due to sepsis/ hypovolaemia

Question 4

What is this? What is it an example of? When is this used?

Answer 4

Hartmann/ Plasmalyte Solution (crystalloid solution)

Similar composition to extracellular fluid, contains sodium, chloride, bicarbonate + lactate

Provide normal daily fluid requirements/ supplement loses

Given initially in trauma

Question 5

What is this?

Answer 5

Hemiarthroplasty
(hip prosthesis)

Question 6

What is a hemiarthroplasty used for?

Answer 6

Cases of intracapsular fractures of the NOF (avascular necrosis of femoral head is a common complication)

Question 7

What is this? How is it inserted?

Answer 7

Hickman line: long term central venous line
Inserted in similar way to central line (usually subclavian)
Remnant of line tunnelled subcutaneously; decreases risk of line infection

Question 8

What is a Hickman line most often used for?

Answer 8

Long term parenteral nutrition/ IV abx therapy/ chemotherapy

Question 9

What is this? What does this consist of?

Answer 9

Total hip replacement
2 distinct parts:
1. Femoral stem with femoral head
2. Polyethylene acetabular cap that is inserted into the acetabulum

Question 10

Give an indication for a total hip joint replacement.
List 3 complications of THR

Answer 10

Severe osteoarthritis
DVT
Infection
Dislocation

Question 11

What is this?

Answer 11

Histology specimen pot

Question 12

What is placed in histology specimen pots? Why are these significant?

Answer 12

Biopsies
Resected tumours
Ensuring correct labelling forms part of WHO “sign out” checklist

Question 13

What is this? What is it used for?

Answer 13

IM femoral nail
Used to internally fix femoral shaft fractures

Question 14

How do IM femoral nails stay in place? For how long?

Answer 14

Interlocking screws fix nail
Removed after 12-18 months

Question 15

What is this? What is it used for?

Answer 15

Instillagell: sterile gel containing LA + lubricant gel
Used for catheterisation

Question 16

Recall the guage of blue, pink and grey IV cannulas

Answer 16

Blue = 22G (wards)
Pink = 20G (wards)
Grey = 16G (fluid resus + trauma)

Question 17

How do you interpret cannula size?

Answer 17

The smaller the gauge size, the larger the diameter
Determined by how many cannulae fit into a tube with inner diameter 1 inch

Question 18

Describe the cannula you need to use to give fluid quickly

Answer 18

Short + large bore

Question 19

What is this? What is it used for?

Answer 19

Laparoscopic port
Used to insert a telescope + instruments into the patient

Question 20

What is this? What is it used for? What are the different types?

Answer 20

Laryngoscope
Used to aid intubation, visualisation of larynx + aid dx of vocal problems + strictures
Different blades: curved (Macintosh- seen here) + straight (Miller)

Question 21

Give 4 complications of laryngoscope use

Answer 21

Mild soft tissue injury
Laryngeal + pharyngeal scarring
Ulceration
Abscess formation

Question 22

What is this?

Answer 22

Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)

Question 23

What are these?

Answer 23

Airway adjuncts (i Gels) = supraglottic

Question 24

What are laryngeal airway masks and iGels used for?

Answer 24

Supraglottic airway devices used as a step prior to intubation
Good for elective procedures, cardiac arrests + pre-hospital airway Mx

Question 25

Name a benefit of using laryngeal airway masks and iGels

Answer 25

Reduced trauma to oropharynx (seen with intubation) Therefore reduce length of hospital stay in elective patients

Question 26

What is the main difference in function between a laryngeal airway and an iGel?

Answer 26

LMA has an inflatable cuff whereas iGels contain a thermoplastic elastomer (styrene) that moulds to the perilaryngeal framework with patient temperature iGel seals off oropharyngeal opening from the larynx helping protect against aspiration. LMA does not protect against aspiration

Question 27

Name 2 benefits of the designs of iGels

Answer 27

Gastric channel: allows passing of NG tube for gastric emptying Can be used as a conduit for intubation

Question 28

Recall 2 risks of laryngeal airways

Answer 28

Inflation can cause pressure lesions + nerve palsies

Question 29

What is this and what is it used for?

Answer 29

Leg bag For mobile patients with catheters

Question 30

What is mannitol? Recall 2 uses for mannitol

Answer 30

Osmotic diuretic 1. Lower raised ICP 2. Drive the urine output in a patient with obstructive jaundice to prevent hepato renal syndrome.

Question 31

How much oxygen can be delivered by nasal cannulae? What do nasal cannulae differ from?

Answer 31

Usually used to carry 1-3L of oxygen per minute (can be upto 5L/min) This delivers between 28-44% of oxygen Differ from high flow therapy (NIV)