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Pathophysiology > Treatment for Neoplasia > Flashcards

Treatment for Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is treatment done to achieve?

A
  1. Cure -> eradicate the tumor
  2. Control -> Control malignancy or growth
  3. Palliative -> Make pt. comfortable and as functional as possible
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2
Q

What are the 6 treatment options?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. Surgery
  4. Hormonal Therapy
  5. Immunotherapy
  6. Combination therapy
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3
Q

In a nutshell, what does radiation therapy do?

A

Kills of the malignant cells by bombarding chemicals into those cells.

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4
Q

What is the aim of radiation therapy?

A

Cure/Control (kill malignant cells)

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5
Q

How does radiation therapy achieve necrosis?

A

By bombarding the chemicals in the malignant cells with radiation and from free radicals that cause cell death.

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6
Q

What is the function of these free radicals?

A

It interferes with DNA, proteins & membranes (kills cells preventing them from replicating) and causes oxidation of cell structures & nuclear + mitochondrial DNA

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7
Q

What does radiation therapy disrupt?

A

It disrupts cell DNA (made of chemicals eg. nitrogenous bases) and break up genetic molecules -> cells cannot regulate function because bonds in DNA are broken -> cell death.

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8
Q

What is the challenge in radiation?

A

Focusing radiation on cancer cells and not own cells.

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9
Q

What may the outcome of radiation be to the tumor?

A

It may shrink or debunk a tumor.

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10
Q

In a nutshell, what does Chemotherapy do?

A

Prevents cancer cells from dividing.

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11
Q

What intervention is used for chemotherapy?

A

Pharmacological - injecting drugs intravenously, intramuscularly, or taken PO in capsules, pills, or liquids.

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12
Q

What do the pharmacological drugs target in chemotherapy?

A

Rapidly growing cells in the body

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13
Q

What can the pharmacological drugs “accidentally” target in chemotherapy?

A

Other rapidly growing cells such as cells in the bone marrow, digestive system, & hair follicles

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14
Q

If chemotherapy accidentally targets its own cells, what are some side effects that can arise?

A

Impaired immune function, nausea, & hair loss.

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15
Q

What is the main function of chemotherapy?

A

It targets cell division and growth.

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16
Q

How does chemotherapy inhibit cell division of cancer cells?

A

By targeting enzymes to disrupt cellular processes and it inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

  • It withdraws essential components for survival of cancer cells.
17
Q

What is the challenge of chemotherapy?

A

Focusing on cancer cells

18
Q

What is the function of surgery in chemotherapy?

A

Excising the tumor

19
Q

What is surgery often followed by?

A

Radiation or chemotherapy

20
Q

Why are other treatment options typically followed by surgery in chemotherapy?

A

Because surgery removes as much of the tumor as possible and then uses other therapy treatments to target any cancer cells that managed to survive = combination therapy

21
Q

What kind of cancer is surgery most effective for?

A

Skin cancer

22
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an IR

23
Q

What does immunotherapy use?

A

Cytokines, antibodies, and antigens

24
Q

How does immunotherapy work?

A

You culture immune cells in the lab and inject them into the body (produce activated cytotoxic T cells that are ready to fight)

25
Q

In a nut shell, what occurs in hormonal therapy?

A

Tumors depends on certain hormones so remove the hormone

26
Q

Ex. What would you administer if a tumor was dependent on estrogen?

A

Administer testosterone because testosterone has the opposite effect of estrogen

27
Q

What do you treat hormonal therapy with?

A

Drugs that are hormones or hormone antagonists

28
Q

What would you administer if a tumor was dependent on estrogen?

A

Administer testosterone which has the opposite effect of estrogen

29
Q

In hormonal therapy, what do you treat the patient with?

A

Drugs that are hormones or are hormone antagonists.

30
Q

What is combination therapy?

A

When you combine 2 or more (often 3) of the above therapies.

31
Q

What are some common combination therapies used?

A
  1. Radiation + immunotherapy

2. Surgery + Chemotherapy + Radiation

32
Q

What can you do to limit side effects in combination therapy?

A

You can use each treatment in a lower dose.

33
Q

What are some common problems with cancer therapy?

A
  1. difficult to restrict to only malignant cells (targets normal cells as well)
  2. normal rapidly proliferating cells are killed
  3. Recurrence of growth

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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