Treatment of endocrine conditions

Question 1

treatments for hyperthyroidism

Answer 1

radioactive iodine
thioureylene drugs
iodine

Question 2

treatments for hypothyroidism

Answer 2

HRT
levothyroxine (synthetic T4)
liothyronine (synthetic T3)

Question 3

treatments for diabetes

Answer 3

insulin sensitisers
insulin secretagogues
incretin mimetics
glucose-reabsorption inhibitors

Question 4

insulin sensitisers

Answer 4

increase sensitivity to insulin in muscle, liver and fat
metformin
thiazolidinediones

Question 5

insulin secretagogues

Answer 5

stimulate insulin secretion from beta-cells (require functional beta-cells so only used in type 2) by blocking K+ channels to cause depolarisation
sulphonylureas
meglitinides

Question 6

incretin mimetics

Answer 6

mimic GLP-1 and GIP released during digestion which induce insulin release (require functional beta-cells)
gliptins
GLP-1 receptor agonists

Question 7

glucose-reabsorption inhibitors

Answer 7

promotes excretion of glucose in urine to decrease blood sugar levels
glifozins

Question 8

metformin

Answer 8

insulin sensitiser
reduces gluconeogenesis and increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscle by activating affecting nuclear (II) receptors through increased AMP production, thus AMP kinases too.

nuclear receptor activation causes a decrease in expression in genes for gluconeogenesis

may be used with insulin sensitisers

Question 9

thiazolidinediones

Answer 9

reduced hepatic glucose output , increases glucose uptake into muscle
decreases blood glucose, insulin and FFAs by acting as a PPAR agonists to alter gene expression
alters:
- lipoprotein lipase
- fatty acid transporters
- glut 4
rosiglitazone
pioglitazone

Question 10

rosiglitazone
pioglitazone

Answer 10

thiazolidinediones
- alters gene expression

Question 11

sulphonylureas

Answer 11

insulin secretagogue
blocks K+ channels to induce beta-cell depolarisation for insulin release
tolbutamide
glibenclamide
glipizide

Question 12

tolbutamide
glibenclamide
glipizide

Answer 12

sulphonylureas
- beta-cell depolarisation

Question 13

meglitinides

Answer 13

insulin secretagogue
blocks K+ channels to induce beta-cell depolarisation for insulin release
regalinide
nateglinide

Question 14

regalinide
nateglinide

Answer 14

meglitinides
- beta-cell depolarisation

Question 15

gliptins

Answer 15

incretin-mimetic
competitively inhibitor of DDP-4 which breaks down GLP-1 and GIP, increasing blood insulin
sitagliptin
vildagliptin
saxagliptin

Question 16

sitagliptin
vildagliptin
saxagliptin

Answer 16

gliptins
- reduces incretin breakdown

Question 17

GLP-1 receptor agonists

Answer 17

incretin-mimetic
GLP-1 agonist to stimulate SGLT2 on the proximal tubule nephron
exenatide
liraglutide
lixisenatide

Question 18

exenatide
liraglutide
lixisenatide

Answer 18

GLP-1 receptor agonists

Question 19

glifozins

Answer 19

glucose-reabsorption inhibitor
blocks sodium/glucose co-transporter on the proximal tubule nephron to increase insulin secretion
dapaglifozin
canaglifozin
empaglifozin

Question 20

dapaglifozin
canaglifozin
empaglifozin

Answer 20

glifozins
- blocks glucose co-transporter

Question 21

addisons disease

Answer 21

insufficient steroid hormone from adrenal cortex

Question 22

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 22

over-production of steroid hormones

Question 23

treatments for addisons disease

Answer 23

cortisol replacement:
hydrocortisone/prednisone/dexmethaxone
aldosterone replacement:
fludrocortisone
androgens replacement:
dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 24

treatments for cushings syndrome

Answer 24

ketoconazole = reduce cortisol production
mitepristone = reduce cortisol effects

Question 25

ketoconazole

Answer 25

reduce cortisol production treatment for cushings syndrome

Question 26

mitepristone

Answer 26

reduce cortisol effects treatment for cushings syndrome