Treatment of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
(28 cards)
Psychologists
- PhD or PsyD in clinical or counseling psych
- combination of talk, behavioral, cognitive therapy
- do not prescribe medications directly but have relations with MD’s to facilitate prescription
Psychiatrists
- MD’s with training in psychology therapies
- can prescribe medication
Psychoanalysis
- Freud sought to treat hysterical symptoms
- he was dissatisfied with hypnosis
- development of talking cure: free association; memories of childhood trauma and abuse
- meaning hidden within content
- manifest content, problems emanate from distortion of content
- classical version of psychoanalysis can take years
Humanistic Psychology
- human drive toward positive development
- treatment between equals
- development will occur on its own given conditions
- experience in client-therapies relative creates conditions of improvement
- clients responsible for how they think and behave
Client Centered Therapy
-Carl Rogers
-A humanistic approach
-Unconditional positive regard: treating client as valued person; acceptance without conditions of worth
-Empathy: therapist develops an emotional understanding of client
-Reflection: therapist summarizes client’s feelings and thoughts
-Congruence: therapist acts in a genuine manner with client
Behavior Therapy
-Psychological disorders reflect learned patterns of behaviors that are maladaptive
-not a matter of discovering and reinterpreting one’s self story
-not about self-control, but realigning with
the contingencies in the environment
-stimuli, rewards, punishments
Behavior Therapy: Features
-develop productive client-therapist relationship
-establish list of behaviors and thoughts to be
modified, rather than global syndrome
-therapist as instructor who helps provide structuring for plans to deal with problems
-continuous monitoring of treatment with possibility for adjustments
- Systematic Desensitization
-treatment for Phobias
-Joseph Wolpe: client visualizes increasingly
stressful situations
-focus on relaxing
- Exposure Techniques
- exposure to feared stimulus
- ex. Flooding
- Postive Reinforcement
- operant conditioning
- token economies
- wide range of application
- Extinction
- gradual disappearance of unwanted behavior
- remove reward
- Punishment
- undesirable behavior receives unpleasant consequence
- less used
- Aversion Conditioning
- pairing stimulus with negative experience
- classical conditioning
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- identify maladaptive patterns of thought
- use learning principles to change them
- grounded in the idea that how one construes the world determines how one feels and acts
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
- errors in logic and attribution can lead to some psychological disorders (anxiety & depression)
- Cognitive distortions
- Catastrophizing: small problems are magnified into major issues
- All-or-none thinking: single case sets the rule
- Personalization: events are about ME
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Treatment
-identifying logical errors, false beliefs, etc.
-treating them as hypotheses
-client and therapist work to test these
hypotheses
-ex. agree on what loving behavior looks like; seek evidence of that behavior in personal relationships
Does Psychotherapy Work?
- Eysenck reported that the clients who received NO therapy did better than those who did
- seemed to hold regardless of type of therapy
- very few were experimental designs
- people who seek treatment likely to be worse
- reporting all relevant studies
- task force from American Psychological Association created a map of disorders and treatments with ratings of strength of research support
Biological Treatments: Psychosurgery
-might imagine that if the brain is not functioning, one could fix it
-corrective surgery on the brain can address some types of problems,
but not psychological disorders
Biological Treatments: Antonio Egas Moniz
- developed pre-frontal lobotomy
- drill holes in front of skull
- destroy connections between frontal lobe and rest of brain
- rarely performed today
Biological Treatments: Cerletti & Bini (1938)
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
-passed electoral current thought the brain of a schizophrenic patient
-ECT became routine procedure for schizophrenia, depression, and mania
-Side effects: memory loss, confusion, heart attack, relapses common - Magnetic Seizure Therapy
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
-both use magnetic, rather than
-not clear how these methods work but effective for some patients
Biological Treatments: Deep Brain Stimulation
-placement of electrodes in target area -continual stimulation -used for: essential tremor, Parkinson’s -recently used to stimulate a patient in a minimally conscious state
Psychoactive Drugs: Neuroleptics
- also called antipsychotics
- reduce psychotic symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking
- 60 – 70% of patients show improvement
Psychoactive Drugs: Phenothiazines
- Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
- Mesoridazine (Serentil)
- Side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, decreased sex drive, uncontrollable movements
Psychoactive Drugs: Antidepressants
- Most affect some neurotransmitter: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft)
- Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor: Venlafaxine (Effexor)
- Reuptake inhibitors keep neurotransmitters in synaptic area longer
