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2025 SEM 2 CLINICAL PARASITOLGY (LAB) > trematodes > Flashcards

trematodes Flashcards

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1
Q

Phylum:
Subkingdom:
Class:
*list all its classification

A

Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
- flat like plate

Subkingdom:
Metazoa

Class:
Trematoda
(also referred to as Digenea)
- in Greek, pores or sucker (serve as attachment & feeding)

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2
Q

What are the classification of the Trematodes species

A

Intestinal Species:
Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai

Liver Species:
Fasciola hepatica
Clonorchis sinensis

Lung Species:
Paragonimus westermani

Blood Species:
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma haematobium
*there are 5 knownn spp tocause disease, the other 2 are:
Schistosoma mekongi
Schistosoma intercalatum

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3
Q

what are the portal vin flukes

A

Schistosoma mekongi
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum

[that live in the blood vessels around the intestines, where blood flows into the liver through the portal vein.]

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4
Q

stages of trematodes

A
  1. eggs
    - recovered in human species
    - uses DFS, direct fecal smear
  2. larva
    - typically occur outside human host
    *miracidium → free-swimming ciliated parasite

3.adult worm
- rarely seen
- thin and non segmented
resembles leaves in shape and thickness

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5
Q

briefly explain hermaphroditic flukes

A
  • self fertilizing
  • infect organs
  • foodborne (ingestion of food)
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6
Q

Dioecious

A
  • reproduce via separate sexes
  • direct penetration
    (reside in intestine, liver)

Example: Schistosoma spp. (blood flukes)

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7
Q

all trematodes are leaflike except ___

A

schistosomes

*leaflike in adult form of trematodes

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8
Q

all trematodes are hermaphroditic except ___

A

schistosomes
- they dioeceous: in order to reproduce, need copulation

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9
Q

attachment to host is via ___ except ___

A

sucker
schistosomes

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10
Q

eggs are operculated except ___

A

schistosomes
[operculated eggs have a “lid” or cap called an operculum that opens when the larva (miracidium) hatches]

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11
Q

infective stage is metacercaria except ___

A

schistosomes
- as it is cercaria

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12
Q

MOT is ___ except ___

A

ingestion
schistosomes
- as it is skin penetration

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13
Q

what spp has mature and immature eggs when laid

A

mature: SHOC.D
Shistosomes
Heterophyes
Opistorchis
Clonorchis
Dicrocoelium dendriticum

  • means egg have a developed miracidium and once exposed to freshwater, it will release

immature: PEFF
Paragonimus
Echinostoma
Fasciola
Fasciolopsis
- take time to develop inside the eggs
- 2 to 3 weeks to develop

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14
Q

required 2 intermediate host except ___

A

Schistosomes
- 1st and only is snail

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15
Q

what are the 2nd intermediate host and is spp

A

FISH
- Heterophyes
- Opistorchis
- Clonorchis
*the “IS” group

CRAB
- Paragonimus estermani
*crab/ W and “liver” is symmetric

PLANT/ VEGGE
- Fasciola hepatica
- Fasciola gigantica
- Fasciolopsis buski

*Faso -> Paso = pot

SNAIL
- Echinostoma ilocanum

ANTS
- Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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16
Q

trematodes harboring organs

A

LIVER FLUKES
F. hepatica
F. gigantic
C. sinensis
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Opisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis viverrini

INTESTINAL FLUKES
F. buski
E. ilocanum
M. buski
Heterophyes

LUNG FLUKES
P. westermanii

PORTAL VEIN FLUKES
Schistosomas spp.

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17
Q

common name
1. F. hepatica
2. Dicrocoelium dendriticum
3. Opisthorchis felineus
4. Opistorchis viverrini
5. E. ilocanum
6. F. buski
7. C. sinensis
8. Heterophyes
9. Metagonimus yokogawai
10. Paragonimus westermani
11. Schistosoma mansoni
12. Schistosoma japonicum
13. Schistosoma haematobium

A
    • Giant liver fluke
    • Sheep liver fluke
    • Lanceolate fluke
    • Lancet fluke
      other name: [early names but no longer used]
    • Fasciola denriticum
    • Fasciola canceolata
  3. Cat liver fluke
  4. Southeast asian liver fluke
  5. Garrison’s fluke
  6. Large intestinal fluke
    • Chinese Liver Fluke
    • Oriental Liver Fluke
    • Heterophid fluke
    • Von Siebold’s fluke
    • Heterophid fluke
  10. Oriental lung fluke
  11. Manson’s blood fluke
    • Blood fluke
    • Oriental Blood Fluke
    • Bladder fluke
    • Vesical bood fluke
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18
Q

natural host of F. hepatica

A

camels
cattle
water buffalo

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19
Q

epidemiology
1. F. hepatia
3. Opisthorchis felineus
4. Opistorchis viverrini
5. F. buski
6. E. ilocanum
7. C. sinensis
H. heterophyes
M. yokogawai
P. westermani
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma haematobium

A
  1. tropical and subtropical
    - africa
    - asia
    - hawaii
    - iran
    - asia
  2. europe and siberia
    - prevalent in both cats and dogs
    east prussia, poland and siberia
    - prevalent in human
  3. northern thailand
    cambodia
    laos
  4. limited to areas in:
    - far east including
    china
    thailand
    taiwan
    viet
    india
    indonesia
  5. wildlife and domestic animals → worldwide
    humans → southeast and east asia

C. sinensis:
Far East (Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.)

H. heterophyes:
Africa
Near East
Far East.

M. yokogawai:
Japan
Siberia
China
Philippines
Spain
Greece
Balkans

P. westermani:
Asia
Africa
India
South America
Philippines (sorsogon, mindoro, samar, leyte, davao, cotabato, basilan)

Schistosoma mansoni:
old world - prevalent primarily in parts of Africa
new worls -via slave trade

Schistosoma japonicum:
limited to the far east (mindoro)

Schistosoma haematobium:
old worls

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20
Q

morphology of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

egg
- distinct operculum
- thick shell
- dark brown

adult
- flattened
- taper at both
- anterior & posterior ends

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21
Q

how is Opistorchis viverrini acquired

A

consumption of uncooked fresh-water fish

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22
Q

life cycle of Opisthorchis felineus

A

same as C. sinensis

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23
Q

shape of adult F. buski

A

somewhat oblong

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24
Q

similarities and differences between F. buski and F. hepatica

Study These Flashcards
A

similar:
- egg

diff:
- buski no shoulder
- hepatica has shoulder

25
reservoir host of F. buski
rabbita pigs dogs
26
food source of F. buski
water chestnut lotus water caltrop
27
pathogenesis and its cinical symptoms - F. buski - F. hepatica - E. ilocanum - C. sinensis - Heterophyes - Metagonimus yokogawai - Schistosoma mansoni: - Schistosoma japonicum - Schistosoma haematobium
F. buski: Fasciolopsiasis - adomianal discomfort - inflammation and bleeding of affected area - jaundice - diarrhea - gastric discomfort - death - intestinal obstruction F. hepatica: Fascioliasis Sheep liver rot *caused by the presence and attachment of adult worm to the biliary tract - headache - fever n chills - pains in liver area (may extend to the back and shoulders) - eosinophilia - jaundice - liver tenderness - anemia - diarrhea - digestive comfort - biliary obstruction E. ilocanum: Echinostomiasis - Gastrointestinal symptoms - Peripheral eosinophilia C. sinensis: Clonorchiasis - fever - abdominal pain - anoxeria - epigastric discomfort - occasional jaundice Heterophyes: Heterophyiasis - chronic mucous diarrhea - eosinophilia - able to migrate to other organs via intestinal wall penetration Metagonimus yokogawai: Metagonimiasis - same as Heterophyes Paragonimus westermani: Paragonimiasis Pulmonary distomiasis Endemic hemoptysis - pulmonary discomfort - chronic bronchitis - eosinophilia - production of fibrous tissue * Cerebral Paragonimiasis: - migration of immature P. westermani organisms - seizures, visual difficulties - Jacksonian epilepsy and visual disrbance Schistosoma mansoni: Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosoma japonicum: Intestinal/ hepatic schistosomiasis Oriental schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis japonica Schistosoma haematobium: Visceral schistosomiasis Bilharziasis Urinary schistosomiasis Swamp fever symptoms for all 3: - pruritus and rashes site of entry - pneumocystis (pulmonary schistosomiasis) - granuloma of affected tissue -katamayan fever (systemic hypersensitivity reaction to the schistosomula migrating through tissue)
28
treatment: - F. buski - E. ilocanum - F. buski - F. hepatica - C. sinensis - Heterophyes & M. yokogawai - P. westermani - Schistosoma spp
F. buski: praziquantel E. ilocanum: praziquantel hexylresorcinol F. hepatica: triclabendazol - more effective dichlorophenol (bithionol) C. sinensis: praziquantel albendazole Heterophyes & M. yokogawai: praziquantel P. westermani: praziquantel bithionol Schistosoma spp: praziquantel Oxamniquine - mansoni
29
prevention and control - F. buski - E. ilocanum - F hepatica and buski - C. sinensis - Heterophyes & M. yokogawai - P. westermani - Schistosoma spp
F. buski: proper human fecal disposal and sanitation practices snail population control E. ilocanum: proper fecal disposal proper sanitation F hepatica and buski: proper human fecal disposal and sanitation practices controlling the snail population avoiding the human consumption of raw water plants or contaminated water Heterophyes & M. yokogawai: avoidance of consuming under cooked fish C. sinensis: proper sanitation procedures avoiding the ingestion of raw, undercooked, or freshly pickled freshwater fish and shrimp P. westermani: avoiding human ingestion of undercooked crayfish crabs and exercising proper disposal of human waste products Schistosoma spp: proper human waste disposal control of the snail population
30
laboratory diagnosis - F. buski & hepatica - E. ilocanum - C. sinensis - Heterophyes & M. yokogawai - P. westermani - S. mansoni and S. japonicum - S. haematobium
F. buski: - specimen for recovery of eggs: stool (SOC) duodenal drainage biliary drainage - ERCP, Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography - Enterotest -ELISA - gel diffusion E. ilocanum: - recovery of eggs in stool C. sinensis: - recovery of eggs from stool specimens duodenal aspirates - entero test Heterophyes & M. yokogawai: - recovery of eggs in stool * careful microscopic examination is essential to ensure proper species identification as they are similar P. westermani: - recovery of eggs in sputum specimen stool - C₃% Molt solution followed by sedimentation S. mansoni and S. japonicum: - recovery of the eggs in stool rectal biopsy specimens S. haematobium: - in a a concentrated urine specimen
31
what are the intermediate host of E. ilocanum
1st I.H: - Gyraulus convexiusculu - Hippeutis umbilicalis 2nd I.H: - Pila luzonica - Vivipara angularis *all those are snails
32
what is the harboring organ of - F. buski - F hepatica
F. buski: duodenum jejunum F. hepatica: liver (bile duct)
33
F. hepatica natural host
sheep
34
it is a lid-like structure that opens when enclosed in water
operculum
35
shape of F buski and hepatica egg
somewhat oblong shape
36
Why we report Fasciola buski and Fasciola hepatica adults in macroscopic (not microscopic) exams
These worms are very large — big enough to be seen with the naked eye. [can be recovered whole during surgery, autopsy, or passed in stool in rare cases.]
37
where does the F. hepatica reside in
bile ducts
38
MOT - fasciola spp. - C. sinensis
Fasciola spp: ingestion of raw infected water plants - water chestnut - lotus - water caltrop *common food source C. sinensis ingestion of fish, not aquatic vege (metacercariae will excyst in duodenum to the liver, biliary duct)
39
reservoir host of F. buski
rabbits pigs dogs
40
which Trematodes has an accidental host of human
F. hepatica
41
what are the intermediate host f the F. hepatica
1st I.H: Lymnaea philippinensis Lymnaea truncatula Lymnaea sinensis 2nd I.H: Ipomoea obscura Ipomoea reptans (aka kangkong)
42
life cycle of organ-dwelling trematodes
unembryonated eggs (feces) → embryonated eggs (freshwater) → miracidia (from eggs) → snail (SpReCe) → metacercariaw → ingestionof infected (excyst in the dudenum) → biliary duct (mature into adult flukes and produce eggs)
43
what happens if a human consume larva stage (sporocyst, redia, cercariae)
it wont infect the human = dead end host
44
this trematodes is characterized as an old fashioned light bulb
C. sinensis (body parts on textbook)
45
shape of C. sinensis adult worm
each end of adult worm is narrower than the midportion of the body.
46
reservoir host of the C. sinensis
fish-eating mammals dogs cats
47
morphology of Heterophyes and M. yokogawai
shoulders: present but discrete small knob: may be absent shell thickness: - Metagonimus, thin - Heterophyes, thick
48
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai intermediate host
??
49
what is the Heterophyes adult morphology
has 3 sucker - oral sucker - ventral sucker - genital sucker 2 ovoidal testes side by side in posterior half of the body
50
smallest fluke of man
Heterophyes heterophyes
51
smallest trematodes egg
Heterophyes heterophyesHeterophyes heterophyes
52
reservoir host of P. westermani
pigs monkeys crayfish crabs
53
smallest schistosomes
Schistosoma japonicum
54
what are the shape of the Schistosoma spp.
J - somewhat roudish M - oblong H - somewhat oblong *differences is the lateral shape * egg content is developed miracidium
55
life cycle of Schistosoma spp
same life cycle but - matured eggs - they dont hv operculum its larva stage: sporocyst > larva > cercariae > from snail to water > penetrate skin (!! loose tail during penetration) > schistosomula > liver M&J: mesenteric vein H: venus plexus of bladder
56
reservoir host of Schistosoma spp
monkey cattle other livestock rodents dogs and cats
57
average length of male and female spp when Schistosomes in copula.
females — 2 cm males — 1.5 cm
58
it is a lid-like structure of trematodes egg
operculum - entrance and exit - if exposed to water, miracidium will exit and swim in the water, seeking its 1st I.H. (snail)
59
earliest larval stage
miracidium

2025 SEM 2 CLINICAL PARASITOLGY (LAB) (16 decks)

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