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Anatomy > Triangles of the neck > Flashcards

Triangles of the neck Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Why are the triangles of the neck relevant to lung cancer?

A

pancoast tumours start in the apex of the lung

usually spreads into one or more structure is the upper thorax and neck

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2
Q

Where in the upper thorax and neck might a pancoast tumour spread to?

A

upper ribs
nerves in upper thorax and neck
bundles of nerves close to spinal cord
blood vessels that supply blood to the upper limb

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3
Q

Attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

sternum - manubrium
clavicle - medial
mastoid process

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4
Q

What are two main triangles of the neck?

A

posterior and anterior

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5
Q

Describe the location of the posterior triangle

A

from trapezius to SCM

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6
Q

Describe the location of the anterior triangle

A

SCM to the midline down the neck

inverted triangle

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7
Q

What are the sub triangles?

A

1) SCM region
2) lateral cervical region
3) anterior cervical region
4) posterior cervical region
5) suboccipital region

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8
Q

What is the lateral cervical region separated into?

A

occipital triangle

omoclavicular triangle

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9
Q

What is the anterior cervical region separated into?

A

carotid triangle

muscular triangle

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10
Q

What can the lesser supraclavicular fossa be used for?

A

location of the where the heads of the sternocleidomastoid come in
landmark for canulation of veins

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11
Q

What will be found at the omoclavicular triangle?

A

roots of the brachial plexus

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12
Q

Where is the carotid bifurcation?

A

when the common carotid becomes the internal and external carotid
point where SCM region, muscular triangle and carotid triangle intersect

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13
Q

What muscle has an angle in it?

A

omohyoid

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14
Q

What attaches to the hyoid bone?

A

strap muscles

omohyoid, thyroid cartilage (thyrohyoid), sternohyoid, sternothyroid

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15
Q

Fascial layers of the neck

A 
outside in
subcutaneous/superficial cervical fascia
investing layer
pretracheal layer
prevertebral layer
alar fascia and carotid sheath
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16
Q

What may be found between the subcutaneous fascia

A

platysma

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17
Q

Which muscles are wrapped in the investing layer of fascia?

A

SCM and trapezius

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18
Q

Why is the pretracheal named this?

A

goes infront of the trachea

traps the thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus

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19
Q

Location of the prevertebral layer

A

infront of vertebrae

traps spinal cord and postural muscles - erector spinae

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20
Q

What is found within the carotid sheath?

A

common corotid
IJV
lymphatics
vagus nerve

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21
Q

Why is the disposition of fascial layers in the neck important?

A

track infections and spread of tumours

planes of separation during surgery

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22
Q

Describe the platysma

A

most superficial structure of the neck
linear, thin layer
curves to upper limbs
blends into other smaller muscles in the chin for facial expression

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23
Q

What can be palapted from the investing and pretracheal layers of fascia?

A 
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
cricoid cartilage
thyroid glands (if swollen)
1st tracheal ring
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24
Q

What can cause a swollen thyroid?

A

low iodine

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25
Where does the EJV run?
over the top of the SCM | sits in the the investing layer
26
Name the scalene muscles
anterior middle posterior
27
Attachments of anterior scalene
scalene tubercle on first rib
28
Attachments of middle scalene
first rib
29
Attachements of posterior scalene
2nd rib
30
Importance of anterior scalene as a landmark
``` subclavian veins - anterior subclavian arteries - posterior 5 nerve roots to form brachial plexus - posterior to subclavian arteries (VAN) phrenic nerve - anterior ```
31
What innervates the scalene muscles?
cervical spinal nerves
32
What is a function of the scalene muscles?
accesory muscles of respiration
33
Where are the infrahyoid muscles?
pre-tracheal fascial layer | anterior triangle
34
Attachments of the infrahyoid muscles
thyrohyoid - thyroid cartilage and hyoid sternohyoid - hyoid and manubrium sternothyroid - back of manubrium to thyroid cartilage
35
Attachments of omohyoid
hyoid to shoulder
36
What causes the angle in the omohyoid?
fascial sling off the clavicle
37
Attachments of the cricothyroid? and location
cricoid to the thyroid | lateral to midline
38
Nerve supply of strap muscles
ansa cervicalis
39
Which suprahyoid muscle has a sling?
digastric
40
Spinal accessory nerve name
cranial nerve XI
41
What does the spinal accessory nerve innervate and where does it run?
innervates SCM and trapezius | runs under SCM, across posterior triangle, to the trapezius
42
How to define the internal carotid artery?
no branches in the neck
43
Structure of the thyroid gland
butterfly shape | central part which crosses the midline
44
Arterial supply of the thyroid gland
superior thyroid artery - off external carotid inferior thyroid artery - off subclavian via thyrocervical trunk 10% have thyroid ima artery - up the midline off brachiocephalic trunk
45
Which cervical vertebrae are atypical?
C1 - atlas | C2 - axis
46
Where does C1 articulate on the skull?
occipital area, behind mastoid process
47
Where does C2 articulate with C1?
odontoid process articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas bone, where they form a pivot join
48
What is penetrated in a cricothyroidotomy?
cricothyroid membrane (between thyroid and cricoid cartilage)
49
What is cricothyroidotomy used for?
temporary relief for when the airways are blocked
50
What is penetrated in a tracheotomy?
subcutaneous fascia, investing and pre-tracheal | space between cartilage of trachea
51
What is tracheotomy used for?
semi/permanent access to airways
52
Danger of cricothyroidotomy on children? | solution?
increased risk to cutting vocal folds | needle cricothyroidotomy
53
Use of Langer's lines
cut along them, reduce scarring
54
What to look out for
reccurent laryngeals
55
Main sites for central venous catheterisation
right subclavian vein - midline of clavicle | vena cava - omaclavicular triangle
56
Imaging
larger structures of cross-sections at what level use trachea as landmark
57
Major groups of lymphatic vessels/nodes
superficial | deep
58
SCM functions
lateral flexion with rotation extension at atlanto-occipital joints flexion of cervical vertebrae - supine position
59
List the superficial nodes with location
``` occipital mastoid pre-auricular parotid submental submandibular facial superficial cervical ```
60
From where does fluid drain into the superficial nodes and where does this fluid then go?
from: scalp, face, neck | goes to: deep lymph nodes
61
Main groups of deep lymph nodes
superior | inferior
62
Location of superior deep cervical nodes
under the SCM in close relation to the accessory nerve and IJV
63
Location of inferior deep cervical nodes
omiclavicular triangle | behind SCM
64
Location of occipital node
back of the head, lateral border of the trapezius muscle
65
Location of mastoid node
insertion of SCM into mastoid process
66
Location of pre-auricular node
anterior to the auricle of the ear
67
Location of parotid node
superficially to parotid gland
68
Location of submental node
superficially to mylohoid gland
69
Location of submandibular node
inferior to mandible, in submandibular triangle
70
Location of superficial cervical node
close to anterior jugular vein

Anatomy (9 decks)

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